THREE BRONZE AXES WITH WOODEN HAFT RE-MAINS FROM ESTONIA; pp. 3–19

Крийска, Айвар; Kulkov, A. M.; Lang, Valter; Paavel, K.

doi:10.3176/arch.2019.1.01

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The wood had a dry and relatively solid structure (mainly cellulose and part of lignin were preserved). In all cases, the material was an unspecified type of conifer ( Pinophyta ), a hard but durable wood that is very well suited for the production of narrow shafts and is documented in the form of spruce, yew and pine in Late Bronze Age contexts (Paavel et al, 2019). The wooden shafts were rigorously machined in such a way that they almost perfectly filled the inside of the conically tapering socket.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horné Srnie: Emulation of Carpathian insignia during the Urnfield inflation

Ondrkál,

Peška

2023

Archaeometry

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Double‐armed insigniae of the Carpathian type are mysterious ceremonial symbols of the Urnfields representing the connection between ideological principles in the Western Carpathians. The Horné Srnie metal hoard shows that early Lusatian mountain communities developed an emulation strategy c.1325 BCE that shifts the origins of Lusatian metallurgy roughly by one century, using the elite style of the technologically advanced Piliny culture to represent their social status. The reproduction was motivated by the effort of Lusatian warrior‐priests to maintain their authority during the period of Urnfield societal reorganization and grew into the ‘homemade’ production of low‐quality cast specimens from recycled materials or metallurgical residues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horné Srnie: Emulation of Carpathian insignia during the Urnfield inflation

Ondrkál,

Peška

2023

Archaeometry

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“…The evidence suggests that coastal Estonia was networked into the bronze trade routes of the time, the ‘local’ centres of which appear to be southern Scandinavia and the south‐eastern coast of the Baltic Sea (Lang, 2007). This long‐distance network is thought to have connected areas of Sweden and Finland to the Finno‐Ugric, Ananino culture of central Russia during this time (Lang, 2007; Paavel et al, 2019). This is mainly evidenced by the similarity in Cu alloy axes and casting moulds found in these regions.…”

Section: Historiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

A long‐distance copper alloy trade to the North Eastern Baltic during the late pre‐Roman and Roman Iron Age (250 BCE–450 CE) explored with lead isotope MC‐ICP‐MS

Roxburgh

2023

Archaeometry

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The North Eastern Baltic has no copper resources of its own, meaning that Cu alloy was imported either as raw material or as finished objects. The north‐eastern coastline of Estonia during the late pre‐Roman and Roman Iron Age was connected to the south by sea to the long‐distance ‘amber’ trade route and to the east by Russian river systems. This study quantitatively assesses the direction of the Cu alloy supply in the region before and after brass enters circulation at the beginning of the Roman Iron Age. After an initial portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) survey, 18 objects were chosen for Pb isotope analysis. This isotope analysis resolved a group of nine brass artefacts from the Roman Iron Age amongst a ‘melting pot’ of other Cu alloys. The similarity between the isotope ratios found in the Roman world suggests the presence of the same ‘melting pot’ in the North Eastern Baltic, possibly created by a large amount of Roman Cu alloy being traded north. No evidence for Cu alloy from Scandinavia or the Ural Mountains could be found. The hypothesis from this small study is that the Cu alloy entering Estonia was dominated by metal from Southern Europe from the late pre‐Roman Iron Age and the Roman period.

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Pytheas the Massaliot and the Baltic. Myth or Reality?

Tillisch

2022

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Pytheas the Massaliot travelled the entire European coastline from Gades (Cadiz) to the mythological northern mouth of the Tanais (Don), circumnavigated Britain, reached ultima Thule, probably the Faroes, and the amber island of Abalus, probably Thy, and Norway, possibly the land of the Periscians.This article revisits the idea of Pytheas reaching the Baltic, very possibly the area of the northern mouth of Tanais (Vistula? Nemunas?), and the idea of Kaali on Saaremaa as “the place where the sun went to bed”’. The examination of the question is introduced with a historiographical excursus and chapters on the scientific background of the journey, the measurements of Pytheas, his hometown Massalia and his journey as far as the Western Baltic. The argument will be exposed through analysis and comparison of the archaeological and written evidence.In conclusion it is argued that Kaali on Saaremaa was visited by Pytheas the Massaliot and may indeed be considered “the place where the sun went to bed” but not “ultima Thule”.

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THREE BRONZE AXES WITH WOODEN HAFT RE-MAINS FROM ESTONIA; pp. 3–19

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Horné Srnie: Emulation of Carpathian insignia during the Urnfield inflation

Horné Srnie: Emulation of Carpathian insignia during the Urnfield inflation

A long‐distance copper alloy trade to the North Eastern Baltic during the late pre‐Roman and Roman Iron Age (250 BCE–450 CE) explored with lead isotope MC‐ICP‐MS

Pytheas the Massaliot and the Baltic. Myth or Reality?

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