“…4 -6 Endothelial and vascular injury that are associated with invasive procedures such as angioplasty, vessel and organ transplantation, and coronary and peripheral arterial by-pass surgery, as well as noninvasive phenomenon such as atherosclerosis, disrupt the physical barrier provided by the endothelium, interfering with vascular homeostasis. [7][8][9][10][11] This sets a series of events in motion that lead to a proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells. Often these proliferative and migratory events extend beyond the normal healing process and result in obstructive arterial lesions.…”