Thickness of the Seismic Slip Zone

Sibson, Richard H.

doi:10.1785/0120020061

Cited by 426 publications

(340 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…4, 5). This probably indicates a tendency to evolve to a much narrower extent than our model element dimensions, in agreement with observed extreme localization of active slip zones (e.g., CHESTER and CHESTER, 1998;SIBSON, 2003;ROCKWELL and BEN-ZION, 2007). The highest damage levels along fault segments are usually found at the shallowest part of the LAF damage zone.…”

Section: Damage Rigidity and Strain Distribution Across Strike-slipsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Studies of earthquake slip in exhumed faults and paleoseismic trenches indicate that within the top few kilometers of the crust the majority of coseismic slip is accommodated along very narrow slip zones (e.g., SIBSON, 2003;ROCKWELL and BEN-ZION, 2007). The highly localized slip zone and surrounding ultracataclasite layer are referred to as the ''core'' of the fault zone.…”

Section: Geological and Geophysical Observations Of Fault Zone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The damage zone (DZ) around the fault core typically consists of a zone of intense damage, and possibly pulverized rocks, with a width of a few hundred meters (DOR et al, 2006(DOR et al, , 2008, which is surrounded by a broader, several kilometers wide zone, of distributed damage. The latter is probably a relic structure of the progressive coalescence and localization of the active fault zone over time (AMBRASEYS, 1970;KIM et al, 2004;SIBSON, 2003).…”

Section: Geological and Geophysical Observations Of Fault Zone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed mapping of several exhumed fault zones (e.g., CHESTER et al, 1993;EVANS et al, 2000;SIBSON, 2003) and additional observations summarized by BEN-ZION and SAMMIS (2003) indicate that the internal structure of fault zones evolves from an early stage associated with distributed deformation and band-limited fractal structures at several hierarchies, through localization to principal slip zones, to a mature stage characterized by large-scale faults with tabular damage zones and narrow cores of ultracataclasites. However, the ranges of conditions over which such evolution takes place, and the coupling between the evolving structures and distributions of crustal stress and strain, are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology

Finzi

Hearn

Ben‐Zion

et al. 2009

Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones

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Abstract-We present results on evolving geometrical and material properties of large strike-slip fault zones and associated deformation fields, using 3-D numerical simulations in a rheologically-layered model with a seismogenic upper crust governed by a continuum brittle damage framework over a viscoelastic substrate. The damage healing parameters we employ are constrained using results of test models and geophysical observations of healing along active faults. The model simulations exhibit several results that are likely to have general applicability. The fault zones form initially as complex segmented structures and evolve overall with continuing deformation toward contiguous, simpler structures. Along relatively-straight mature segments, the models produce flower structures with depth consisting of a broad damage zone in the top few kilometers of the crust and highly localized damage at depth. The flower structures form during an early evolutionary stage of the fault system (before a total offset of about 0.05 to 0.1 km has accumulated), and persist as continued deformation localizes further along narrow slip zones. The tectonic strain at seismogenic depths is concentrated along the highly damaged cores of the main fault zones, although at shallow depths a small portion of the strain is accommodated over a broader region. This broader domain corresponds to shallow damage (or compliant) zones which have been identified in several seismic and geodetic studies of active faults. The models produce releasing stepovers between fault zone segments that are locations of ongoing interseismic deformation. Material within the fault stepovers remains damaged during the entire earthquake cycle (with significantly reduced rigidity and shearwave velocity) to depths of 10 to 15 km. These persistent damage zones should be detectable by geophysical imaging studies and could have important implications for earthquake dynamics and seismic hazard.

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Section: Damage Rigidity and Strain Distribution Across Strike-slipsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Geological and Geophysical Observations Of Fault Zone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological and Geophysical Observations Of Fault Zone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology

Finzi

Hearn

Ben‐Zion

et al. 2009

Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones

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“…T 10 2 D P L P 10 2 L Scholz, 2002 T D P L P 2 Segall and Pollard, 1980;Richard et al, 1995;Okubo and Schultz, 2006;Sibson, 1986a, 2003114 10 495 515 200810Woodcock and Fischer, 1986, 1999 ; Kanamori, 1981, Otsuki and Dilov, 2005Richard et al, 1995McClay andBonora, 2001 Davis et al, 1999;Okubo and Schultz, 2006 1982, 1982bKanaori et al, 1985, 1982a, c Satake et al, 1984Ui et al, 1988, 1983, 1998GPS Ito and Wada, 2002Hirahara et al, 2003;Goto et al, 2005;Mizuno et al, 2005Mizuno et al, 70 , 1998, 2003, 1983Takagi et al, 2005Takagi et al, 1988 Sibson, 1977;, 1996, Higgins, 1971Wise et al, 1984;Schmid and Handy, 1991;Braathen et al, 2004Braathen et al, 1996 fault brec- …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Crush zone structure in a compressional step:

Niwa¹,

Shimada²,

Kurosawa³

et al. 2008

Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan

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Crush zone structures are heterogeneous due to occurrence of fault steps. This paper provides a geological description of crush zones in the western part of the active Atotsugawa Fault, Hida City, Gifu Prefecture of Japan, to understand the crush zone structure in a compressional step of a strike-slip fault. By means of aerial photograph interpretation and regional distribution of crush zones, we recognize that a compressional step occurs in the Sangawara area, whereas in the Itani area a long strand of the Atotsugawa Fault with ENE-WSW trend is extended. Detailed geological observation suggests that shear planes with NNE SSW and NW SE strikes, oblique to the trend of the Atotsugawa Fault at high angles, are characteristically developed in the Sangawara area, whereas shear planes with ENE WSW strike dominate in the Itani area. The shear planes with NNE SSW and NW SE strikes in the Sangawara area can be a part of the composite planar fabric such as R surfaces which are dominantly developed within compressional steps. Based on the clay mineral composition including smectite and kaolinite, high density of sealed microcracks, and the KAr ages of fault gouge and andesite dike, fault breccia and gouge in the Sangawara area are mainly formed by fracturing at a shallow depth under c.a.after the dike intrusion during Oligocene to early Miocene time. Abstract

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Contrasts in physical properties between the hanging wall and footwall of an exhumed seismogenic megasplay fault in a subduction zone—An example from the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project

Hamahashi

Saito

Kimura

et al. 2013

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] We examined the physical properties of an exhumed and fossilized subduction zone megasplay fault by analyzing geophysical logging data obtained by the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project, which provide a high-resolution transect of properties across the main fault zone. The footwall cataclasite exhibits higher averages of neutron porosity (7.6%) and lower values of electric resistivity (232 Xm) compared to the hanging wall phyllite (4.8%, 453 Xm). This clear contrast between the hanging wall and footwall may account for the difference in maximum burial and structural variation. Despite the contrast observed between the hanging wall and footwall in macroscopic scale, the resistivity and porosity data from both the hanging wall and footwall can be fit with a single curve using Archie's law, suggesting the similarities in microstructures and mineralogy in this low porosity range. Above the main fault core of the Nobeoka Thrust a brittle damage zone in the hanging wall contains pseudotachylyte as evidence of the seismogenic slip and does not follow Archie's law. Damage zones in the hanging wall are also observed in the modern splay fault at shallow depth in the Nankai Trough but with much thicker width, whereas the footwall damage zone is more extensive in the Nobeoka Thrust. Splay faults may exhibit strong deformation in the hanging wall in the early stage, and as fault rocks get buried deeper and as displacement and physical property contrast increase across the fault, the damage effect may eventually be enlarged in the footwall.

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Thickness of the Seismic Slip Zone

Cited by 426 publications

References 104 publications

Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology

Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology

Crush zone structure in a compressional step:

Contrasts in physical properties between the hanging wall and footwall of an exhumed seismogenic megasplay fault in a subduction zone—An example from the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project

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