“…Then, the temperature of the object in contact with the hot end of the thermocouple is measured. 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 Figure 3 Principle of temperature measurement in flexible TFTCs …”
Section: Principlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Typically, the response speed of TFTCs is in the millimeter range. 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 65 , 73 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 …”
Section: Applicationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accurate measurement of temperature is necessary in many physical and chemical processes and plays an important role in many important practical applications such as industrial production, medical diagnosis, and weather forecasting, among others. 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 Thermocouples are temperature sensing devices that consist of two wires made of different metal alloys connected together at one end. These metal alloys have different electrical properties that vary with temperature, and the voltage they produce is proportional to the difference in temperature between the two wires.…”
“…Then, the temperature of the object in contact with the hot end of the thermocouple is measured. 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 Figure 3 Principle of temperature measurement in flexible TFTCs …”
Section: Principlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Typically, the response speed of TFTCs is in the millimeter range. 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 65 , 73 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 …”
Section: Applicationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accurate measurement of temperature is necessary in many physical and chemical processes and plays an important role in many important practical applications such as industrial production, medical diagnosis, and weather forecasting, among others. 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 Thermocouples are temperature sensing devices that consist of two wires made of different metal alloys connected together at one end. These metal alloys have different electrical properties that vary with temperature, and the voltage they produce is proportional to the difference in temperature between the two wires.…”
“…In process industries such as steel metallurgy and energy conversion, precise control of temperature directly affects chemical reactions and product quality, and inappropriate temperatures will lead to the formation of harmful by-products [19][20][21][22]. However, traditional high-temperature measurement methods, such as armored thermocouples, temperature indicating paint, and crystal temperature measurement, cannot meet the requirements of real-time and rapid high-temperature measurement [23]. Therefore, there is a pressing need for reliable hightemperature measurement techniques to meet the critical conditions in these industries.…”
High-temperature thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) have garnered significant attention in aerospace and steel metallurgy industries. However, previous studies on TFTCs have primarily focused on the two-dimensional planar type, whose thermal sensitive area has to be perpendicular to the test environment, and therefore affects the thermal fluids pattern or loses the accuracy. In order to address this problem, recent studies have developed the three-dimensional probe-type TFTCs, which can be set parallelly to the test environment. Nevertheless, the probe-type TFTCs are limited by their measurement threshold and poor stability at high-temperature. To address these issues, in this study, we propose a novel probe-type TFTCs temperature sensor with a sandwich structure. The sensitive layer is compounded with indium oxide (In2O3) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) and fabricated using screen-printing technology. With the protection of sandwich structure on electrode film, the sensor demonstrates robust high-temperature stability, enabling continuous working at 1200 °C above 5 hours with a low drift rate of 2.3 °C/h. This sensor exhibits a high repeatability of 99.3% when measures the low to high temperatures, which is beyond the most existing probe-type TFTCs reported in the literature. With its excellent high-temperature performance, this temperature sensor holds immense potential for enhancing equipment safety in the aerospace engineering and ensuring product quality in steel metallurgy industries.
“…It has also been used to produce thermoelectric devices with high Seebeck coefficients and a wide temperature range 37 , 38 . The required materials can be easily doped using screen printing 39 , making this method conducive to the study of the effects of the materials on the thermoelectric potential output properties.…”
With the growing demand for thermal management of electronic devices, cooling of high-precision instruments, and biological cryopreservation, heat flux measurement of complex surfaces and at ultralow temperatures has become highly imperative. However, current heat flux sensors (HFSs) are commonly used in high-temperature scenarios and have problems when applied in low-temperature conditions, such as low sensitivity and embrittlement. In this study, we developed a flexible and highly sensitive HFS that can operate at ultralow to high temperatures, ranging from −196 °C to 273 °C. The sensitivities of HFSs with thicknesses of 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm, which are efficiently manufactured by the screen-printing method, reach 11.21 μV/(W/m2) and 13.43 μV/(W/m2), respectively. The experimental results show that there is a less than 3% resistance change from bending to stretching. Additionally, the HFS can measure heat flux in both exothermic and absorptive cases and can measure heat flux up to 25 kW/m2. Additionally, we demonstrate the application of the HFS to the measurement of minuscule heat flux, such as heat dissipation of human skin and cold water. This technology is expected to be used in heat flux measurements at ultralow temperatures or on complex surfaces, which has great importance in the superconductor and cryobiology field.
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