“…Thermoelectricity is a promising renewable energy source that can replace fossil fuels because it can produce energy through waste heat, unlike other renewable energy sources. To employ thermoelectric (TE) materials in various devices and fields, extensive studies have been carried out to improve the energy conversion efficiency of thin-film thermoelectric materials [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Particularly, as a transparent TE material, tin-doped indium oxide (In 2 O 3 :SnO 2 , ITO) thin film is promising owing to its high electrical conductivity, chemical stability, low toxicity, and low price compared to TE alloys [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”