Thermodynamics of polystyrene solutions. Part 1.—Polystyrene and methyl ethyl ketone

Flory, Paul J.; Höcker, H.

doi:10.1039/tf9716702258

Cited by 113 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…(9) and (10) in the homogeneous region at a series of temperatures and pressures is seen in Table 4. A similar increase of 2~ with polymer concentration has been observed experimentally for several polymer solution systems [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In the hole theory of S-S this dependence origi- nates in the free volume contribution to the partition function [20].…”

Section: The Z-functionsupporting

confidence: 52%

LCST phase behavior according to the Simha-Somcynsky theory: application to the n-hexane polyethylene system

Nies

Stroeks

Simha

et al. 1990

Colloid & Polymer Sci

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Section: The Z-functionsupporting

confidence: 52%

LCST phase behavior according to the Simha-Somcynsky theory: application to the n-hexane polyethylene system

Nies

Stroeks

Simha

et al. 1990

Colloid & Polymer Sci

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“…As a result, the residual chemical potential, µ 1 R , is able to provide the information of the sorption enthalpic energy for various organic compounds in soils. Flory (1971) …”

Section: Interaction Between Organic Contaminants and Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate the interaction between the organic contaminant and the soil, the SOC has been regarded as a solvent and its sorption characteristics are similar to that of a polymer (Weber et al, 1992). Flory and Hocker (1971) proposed an equation to compute the activity "a" of small solute molecules in a polymer: [3.14] where subscript 1 represents the solute phase, subscript 2 represents the polymer, φ i is volume fraction concentration, V i is molar volume, and χ is called the Flory interaction parameter. Flory-Huggins theory has been used to describe the thermodynamics of organic contaminants in a soil-water system (Chiou, 1983;Chin, 1989;Spurlock,1994) and it was always simplified as:…”

Section: Interaction Between Organic Contaminants and Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Processes for In-Situ Treatment of Contaminated Soils - Final Report - 09/15/1996 - 01/31/2001

Huang¹

2001

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Contamination of soils by toxic organic pollutants is an environmental concern. The insitu electrokinetic (EK) technology is an emerging process to remediate the contaminated soils. Since the electro-osmotic (EO) flow rate and sorption behaviors of pollutants are two critical factors of the process, this study focuses on understanding the partition of nonionic organic contaminants in soil-water system, mechanisms of the EO flow, and the transport of organic compounds under an externally applied electrostatic field. The target compounds include chlorinated organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In order to improve the treatment efficiency, surfactant and bio-surfactant were used. A thermodynamic concept, fugacity, was introduced to illustrate the interactions between organics and the soil. A semi-empirical equation was derived to describe the EO flow rate in unsaturated soils. Moverover, the diffusion-advection-sorption model was used to simulate the transport of nonionic organic contaminants in the presence of an electrostatic field.The sorption experiments were conducted with various initial solute concentrations and different soil to solution ratios. The selected chlorinated organics include tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform. Results show that Langnuir isotherm can be used to express the distribution behavior of these chlorinated organic compounds i n the soil-water system. In addition to the hydrophobicity (K ow ), the concentration of organic compound and soil to solution ratio can influence the distribution behavior also. In order to illustrate the effects of the organic concentration and soil to solution ratio, the activity coefficient was used.The activity coefficient, γ, a relative interaction based on chosen reference state, is a useful means to express the quantitative feature of the organic-soil interaction without detailed information of their interaction mechanisms. By comparing the activity coefficients, γ w and γ s (i.e., X s /X w ), one can illustrate the trend of organic distribution at the soil-water interfaces.The concentration effect can be explained by the changes in the adsorption of organic onto the soil surface. Based on the experimental results, when increasing the organic compound concentrations, the activity coefficient, γ w , can be considered as a constant and γ s increases due to the increase of interaction energy. The change of γ s makes the sorption isotherms of PCE, TCE, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform non-linear. According to γ s , it can be seen that the sorption between these selceted chlorinated organics and the soil is exothermic.The effect of soil to solution ratio can be attributed to the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the liquid phase. DOM enhances the organic dissolution, which in turns increases the organic concentration, i.e., X w . Therefore, the partition coefficients of these chlorinated compounds, i.e., X s /X w , decrease with increasing the soil to solution ...

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“…(12) M. B. Ewing and K. M. Marsh, J. Chem. (14) J. M. Bardin and D. Patterson, Polymer, 10, 247 (1969). (13) Phuong Nguyen Hong and G. Patterson, to be published.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure Dependence of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Cyclohexyl Bromide Solution

Kubota¹,

Ogino²

1979

Macromolecules

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74 Kubota, Ogino heptanes but some fitting is necessary between eq 1 and the experimental [ 771.Solvent Quality for the Different Classes. For each sample the solvents are listed below in decreasing order of solvent quality: (75%) trans-decalin > cis-decalin > C -c S > S.H. br-Cg > cycloalkanes > S.H. br-C7 > n-alkanes not S.H. br-C9 > tetrahydronaphthalene > highly branched alkanes > toluene > tetrahydrofuran > SnBut4; (63%) cyclopentane > trans-decalin > cis-decalin > methyl c-c6 > cycloalkanes > S.H. br-Cg > S.H. br-C7 > not S.H. br-Cg > n-alkanes > not S.H. br-C7 > highly branched alkanes > toluene > tetrahydronaphthalene > tetrahydrofuran > SnBut,; (33%) cyclopentane > methyl c-C6 > cis-decalin > cycloalkanes > br-Cg S.H. br-C7 > highly branched alkanes > n-alkanes > toluene > tetrahydronaphthalene > tetrahydrofuran > n-c16, n-CI7 > SnBut,. It is to be noted that for two samples, cyclopentane is by far the best solvent. The order of the solvent quality is about the same for the three samples except for cis-and trans-decalin, tetrahydronaphthalene, and for the linear and branched alkanes where correlations of orientations between solvent and polymer are important.This work illustrates the importance of the shape of the polymer and that of the solvent on the free energy of mixing. Large variations in [VI may be found in systems where the usual parameters influencing the solvent quality and chemical and free volume differences are apparently negligible.

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Thermodynamics of polystyrene solutions. Part 1.—Polystyrene and methyl ethyl ketone

Cited by 113 publications

References 0 publications

LCST phase behavior according to the Simha-Somcynsky theory: application to the n-hexane polyethylene system

LCST phase behavior according to the Simha-Somcynsky theory: application to the n-hexane polyethylene system

Electrochemical Processes for In-Situ Treatment of Contaminated Soils - Final Report - 09/15/1996 - 01/31/2001

Pressure Dependence of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Cyclohexyl Bromide Solution

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