“…In Case Study II, plant optimization was performed by manipulating the set points ofṁ ST , i.e., the set points of the mass flow rates of steam streams extracted from the first IP turbine (IP1), the second IP turbine (IP2), the first LP turbine (LP1), and the second LP turbine (LP2) (ṁ IP1 ,ṁ IP2 ,ṁ LP1 , andṁ LP2 , respectively). The ranges of the admissible inputs, shown in Table 3, were based on common practice and previous work [13][14][15]27,36,38,[41][42][43]45]. The optimization horizon, τ, was set to 24 h in Case Study I and 4 h in Case Study II, and the control action interval, τ n , was set to 1 h. Large control actions were not penalized in the solved optimization problems, as the plant load profiles matched during the real-time plant optimization were relatively smooth.…”