Thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of polymorphic transformation of famotidine during grinding

Solid-State Transformations of Sulfathiazole Polymorphs: The Effects of Milling and Humidity

“…The PCA scores and the corresponding loadings plots for the NIR spectra of the milled samples in the regions 6980-5800 and 5130-4000 cm -1 are shown in Figure 4. Mechanical activation induced solid-state polymorphic transitions and amorphizations have been reported in many cases such as gabapentin [1], famotidine [26], fananserine [27] trehalose [28] and griseofulvin [29]. In general it is not clear if polymorphic transformations are direct crystal-crystal transformations or if an intermediate stage of transient amorphization or a transient unstable crystal phase is generated which is followed by a rapid recrystallization process to a known polymorph [27].…”

Formation, Physical Stability, and Quantification of Process-Induced Disorder in Cryomilled Samples of a Model Polymorphic Drug

“…[1][2][3] When milling a crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the mechanical stress during the milling process cannot only change the particle size, surface area and crystallinity of the API but can also induce polymorphic transformations. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Solid-state polymorphic transitions and amorphization induced by milling have been reported for many pharmaceutical products such as gabapentin, 3 famotidine, 9 ranitidine hydrochloride, 10 and Fananserine. 11 Cryo-milling (Cryogenic grinding) seeks to operate ball milling, a high energy process, at low temperatures with the aid of cryogenic media such as liquid nitrogen.…”

Thermodynamic Study of Grinding-Induced Loratadine Inclusion Complex Formation Using Thermal Analysis and Curve-Fitted FTIR Determination

“…The enthalpy of endothermic peak in the DSC curve was calculated. There was no oxidation or decomposition phenomenon observed in these determining conditions before the melting of LOR (Gao & Lin, 2010;Lin et al, 2006Lin et al, , 2010.…”

“…The infrared spectrum of each sample was analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy (IRT-5000-16/FTIR-6200, Jasco Co., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector via a transmission technique (Gao & Lin, 2010;Lin et al, 2006Lin et al, , 2010. All the FTIR spectra were obtained at a 4 cm -1 resolution and at 100 scans.…”