Thermal responses to swimming in three water temperatures: influence of a wet suit

Trappe, Todd A.; Starling, Raymond D.; Jozsi, Alison C.; Goodpaster, Bret H.; Trappe, Scott; Nomura, Teruo; Obara, Shigeru; Costill, David L.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199507000-00010

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Trappe et al 26 found that use of a wetsuit in the swim reduced the afterdrop during a subsequent cycle. These findings are consistent with a conductive mechanism for the afterdrop,23 27–30 indicating slower rates of fall of T re on immersion in wet suits and smaller gradient from skin to deep body temperature 30. The current study extends the work of Trappe et al 26 30 to lower water temperatures and performance athletes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Scientific rationale for changing lower water temperature limits for triathlon racing to 12°C with wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits

et al. 2018

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Scientific rationale for changing lower water temperature limits for triathlon racing to 12°C with wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits

et al. 2018

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“…Thus, this post-immersion period deserves attention in terms of the supervision of swimmers who, on finishing their race, may have the lowest deep body temperature they have experienced whilst unsupervised and travelling home, or, in the case of triathletes, go from swimming to cycling on a cold, wet day, and performance may be significantly impaired. Although the area of post-cold immersion rewarming has been well reviewed in the survival-related literature [30-32], it is less well considered in the sporting literature [33]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving in extreme environments: open water swimming in cold and warm water

Tipton

Bradford

2014

Extrem Physiol Med

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Open water swimming (OWS), either ‘wild’ such as river swimming or competitive, is a fast growing pastime as well as a part of events such as triathlons. Little evidence is available on which to base high and low water temperature limits. Also, due to factors such as acclimatisation, which disassociates thermal sensation and comfort from thermal state, individuals cannot be left to monitor their own physical condition during swims. Deaths have occurred during OWS; these have been due to not only thermal responses but also cardiac problems. This paper, which is part of a series on ‘Moving in Extreme Environments’, briefly reviews current understanding in pertinent topics associated with OWS. Guidelines are presented for the organisation of open water events to minimise risk, and it is concluded that more information on the responses to immersion in cold and warm water, the causes of the individual variation in these responses and the precursors to the cardiac events that appear to be the primary cause of death in OWS events will help make this enjoyable sport even safer.

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“…The historical background revealed a great concern with reducing drag by using the most appropriate swimsuit for the period (Foster et al, 2012;Hagedorn, 2013) and for the material (Matsunami and Taimura, 2008;Abasi et al, 2013;Issurin et al, 2014), to bring about a significant improvement thanks to technological innovations (Mountjoy et al, 2009). Since the 1930s a variety of studies had been carried out, mostly with triathletes (Parsons and Day, 1986;Sharp and Costill, 1989;Toussaint et al, 1989;Cordain and Kopriva, 1991;Chatard et al, 1995;Starling et al, 1995;Trappe et al, 1995), in which the conclusions were a long way from extrapolated to the competitive swimming of the time, before FINA approved the use of high-speed swimsuits in 1999, also known as technological or modified swimsuits (Craik, 2011;Foster et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the development underwent a quantum leap with the introduction of polyurethane products, then cotton, silk, nylon and lycra (Davies, 1997). Even so, several studies were conducted in which the variables were the type of material, design and body coverage (Parsons and Day, 1986;Sharp and Costill, 1989;Toussaint et al, 1989;Cordain and Kopriva, 1991;Chatard et al, 1995;Starling et al, 1995;Trappe et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Speed Swimsuits and Their Historical Development in Competitive Swimming

2019

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The goal of this research was to review the experimental studies that have analyzed the influence of "high-speed swimsuits" on sports performance up to the appearance of the model "Jammer" in competitive swimmers. The design was a review following PRISMA Methodology, in which 43 studies were reviewed of a total of 512. Several searches were conducted in electronic databases of the existing research in this field (Google Scholar, Dialnet, Web of Sciences, and Scopus). The only studies excluded were those that reviewed the effects with neoprene and tests with triathletes. The studies that were included were published and peer-reviewed from 1999 to 2018 in which the effect of high-speed swimsuits was analyzed. The results showed the possible effects that high-speed swimwear can have in relation or not to competitive performance, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, flotation, drag, the material and the design until the introduction of the model "Jammer." As conclusions, the lack of consensus due to the variety of fields of study means that improvements in competitions are still not clarified. In addition, the change in the rules may have effects on swimmers even though they have beaten records with other swimwear. Finally, the debate concerning whether medals were won unfairly or not is proposed.

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Thermal responses to swimming in three water temperatures: influence of a wet suit

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Scientific rationale for changing lower water temperature limits for triathlon racing to 12°C with wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits

Scientific rationale for changing lower water temperature limits for triathlon racing to 12°C with wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits

Moving in extreme environments: open water swimming in cold and warm water

High-Speed Swimsuits and Their Historical Development in Competitive Swimming

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