Thermal responses for men with different fat compositions during immersion in cold water at two depths: prediction versus observation

Xu, Xiaojiang; Castellani, John W.; Santee, William R.; Kolka, Margaret A.

doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0393-z

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A significant gender effect in serum CK activity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and activation of protein degradation pathways has previously been reported in the literature [26]. Furthermore, thermal response during immersion depends on the fat composition [75] suggesting that gender specific effects should be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2013

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The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of Contrast Water Therapy (CWT) on recovery following exercise induced muscle damage. Controlled trials were identified from computerized literature searching and citation tracking performed up to February 2013. Eighteen trials met the inclusion criteria; all had a high risk of bias. Pooled data from 13 studies showed that CWT resulted in significantly greater improvements in muscle soreness at the five follow-up time points (<6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) in comparison to passive recovery. Pooled data also showed that CWT significantly reduced muscle strength loss at each follow-up time (<6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) in comparison to passive recovery. Despite comparing CWT to a large number of other recovery interventions, including cold water immersion, warm water immersion, compression, active recovery and stretching, there was little evidence for a superior treatment intervention. The current evidence base shows that CWT is superior to using passive recovery or rest after exercise; the magnitudes of these effects may be most relevant to an elite sporting population. There seems to be little difference in recovery outcome between CWT and other popular recovery interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2013

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“…A 2006 study compared the effects of a land‐based aerobic exercise program with a swimming group and a water‐walking group of obese subjects over a 13‐week period and found no statistical differences between the groups, all losing weight (5.9 kg) and body fat percentages (3.7%) [197]. The advantages of aquatic exercise also include the heat conductive effects of water, which greatly reduces risk of heat stress when done in cooler pools [196,198]. Aquatic therapy programs for this population should include chest depth or deeper sustained aerobic exercise, alternated with balance and coordination drills.…”

Section: Applications In Obesity Rehabilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Therapy: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Rehabilitation Applications

Becker

2009

PM&R

428

390

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The aquatic environment has broad rehabilitative potential, extending from the treatment of acute injuries through health maintenance in the face of chronic diseases, yet it remains an underused modality. There is an extensive research base supporting aquatic therapy, both within the basic science literature and clinical literature. This article describes the many physiologic changes that occur during immersion as applied to a range of common rehabilitative issues and problems. Because of its wide margin of therapeutic safety and clinical adaptability, aquatic therapy is a very useful tool in the rehabilitative toolbox. Through a better understanding of the applied physiology, the practitioner may structure appropriate therapeutic programs for a diverse patient population.

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“…Extrapolation of our deep body temperature cooling data, assuming a start point of 37.5 °C, would suggest that 33 °C would be reached as a consequence of swimming (irrespective of clothing level), 41-min quicker than when resting and by 22-min faster when naked compared to clothed (irrespective of activity level). Clearly our cooling data apply only to thermal changes in 12 °C water in a population with relatively low body fat and may vary accordingly with increases in body fat mass or distribution (McArdle et al 1984a , b ), differences in gender and age (Cannon and Keatinge 1960 ; Tarlochan and Ramesh 2005 ; Tipton et al 1998 ; Xu et al 2007 ) as well as different temperature water (Tipton et al 1998 ). Likewise, our cooling data only represent an estimate based on a two-compartment thermometry model of weighted deep body and skin temperature from four sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swim performance and thermoregulatory effects of wearing clothing in a simulated cold-water survival situation

et al. 2016

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PurposeAccidental cold-water immersion (CWI) impairs swim performance, increases drowning risk and often occurs whilst clothed. The impact of clothing on thermoregulation and swim performance during CWI was explored with the view of making recommendations on whether swimming is viable for self-rescue; contrary to the traditional recommendations.MethodTen unhabituated males (age 24 (4) years; height 1.80 (0.08) m; mass 78.50 (10.93) kg; body composition 14.8 (3.4) fat %) completed four separate CWIs in 12 °C water. They either rested clothed or naked (i.e. wearing a bathing costume) or swum self-paced clothed or naked for up to 1 h. Swim speed, distance covered, oxygen consumption and thermal responses (rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tmsk) and mean body temperature Tb) were measured.ResultsWhen clothed, participants swum at a slower pace and for a significantly shorter distance (815 (482) m, 39 (19) min) compared to when naked (1264 (564) m, 52 (18) min), but had a similar oxygen consumption indicating clothing made them less efficient. Swimming accelerated the rate of Tmsk and Tb cooling and wearing clothing partially attenuated this drop. The impairment to swimming performance caused by clothing was greater than the thermal benefit it provided; participants withdrew due to exhaustion before hypothermia developed.ConclusionSwimming is a viable self-rescue method in 12 °C water, however, clothing impairs swimming capability. Self-rescue swimming could be considered before clinical hypothermia sets in for the majority of individuals. These suggestions must be tested for the wider population.

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Thermal responses for men with different fat compositions during immersion in cold water at two depths: prediction versus observation

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Aquatic Therapy: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Rehabilitation Applications

Swim performance and thermoregulatory effects of wearing clothing in a simulated cold-water survival situation

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