Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis: Current and new antifungal drugs

Abstract

Background: Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present study carries out a bibliographic review on the therapeutic tools available against oral candidiasis and their usefulness in each clinical situation. Material and Methods: Recent studies on treatment of oral candidiasis were retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane Library. Results: Nystatin and miconazole are the most commonly used topical antifungal drugs. Both antifungal drugs are very effective but need a long time of use to eradicate the infection. The pharmacological presentations of miconazole are more comfortable for patients but this drug may interact with other drugs and this fact should be assessed before use. Other topical alternatives for oral candidiasis, such as amphotericin B or clotrimazole, are not available in many countries. Oral fluconazole is effective in treating oral candidiasis that does not respond to topical treatment. Other systemic treatment alternatives, oral or intravenous, less used are itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole. Available novelties include echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin) and isavuconazole. Echinocandins can only be used intravenously. Isavuconazole is available for oral and intravenous use. Other hopeful alternatives are new drugs, such as ibrexafungerp, or the use of antibodies, cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. Conclusions: Nystatin, miconazole, and fluconazole are very effective for treating oral candidiasis. There are systemic alternatives for treating recalcitrant infections, such as the new triazoles, echinocandins, or lipidic presentations of amphotericin B.

Antimicrobial efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

“…Furthermore, autooxidation caused by nystatin induces additional cell injury. [ 46 47 48 ] In the present study, S. mutans and C. albicans were resistant to 1%DMSO. This suggests that 1%DMSO had no effect on the test strains as it has got inactive solvent property.…”

Antimicrobial efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

“…Furthermore, autooxidation caused by nystatin induces additional cell injury. [ 46 47 48 ] In the present study, S. mutans and C. albicans were resistant to 1%DMSO. This suggests that 1%DMSO had no effect on the test strains as it has got inactive solvent property.…”

Artemisia annua and artemisinins are ineffective against human Babesia microti and six Candida sp

“…in their stationary phase. Similar to azoles ( 53 ),results showed that artemisinins and A. annua were fungistatic and not fungicidal. Candida sp .…”

Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis—A Six‐year Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Moreover, an animal study showed that C albicans can cause severe epithelial dysplasia of the oral mucosa in mice, and may promote the carcinogenic progress of carcinogenic compounds 18 . Warnakulasuriya has previously proposed including CHC into OPMDs, 19 and here, we also highly recommend a unified consensus based on rather solid clinical evidence of high epithelial dysplasia rate and potential of malignant transformation.…”

Antimicrobial efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

“…Furthermore, autooxidation caused by nystatin induces additional cell injury. [ 46 47 48 ] In the present study, S. mutans and C. albicans were resistant to 1%DMSO. This suggests that 1%DMSO had no effect on the test strains as it has got inactive solvent property.…”

Artemisia annua and artemisinins are ineffective against human Babesia microti and six Candida sp

“…in their stationary phase. Similar to azoles ( 53 ),results showed that artemisinins and A. annua were fungistatic and not fungicidal. Candida sp .…”

Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis—A Six‐year Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Moreover, an animal study showed that C albicans can cause severe epithelial dysplasia of the oral mucosa in mice, and may promote the carcinogenic progress of carcinogenic compounds 18 . Warnakulasuriya has previously proposed including CHC into OPMDs, 19 and here, we also highly recommend a unified consensus based on rather solid clinical evidence of high epithelial dysplasia rate and potential of malignant transformation.…”

Antimicrobial efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

“…Furthermore, autooxidation caused by nystatin induces additional cell injury. [ 46 47 48 ] In the present study, S. mutans and C. albicans were resistant to 1%DMSO. This suggests that 1%DMSO had no effect on the test strains as it has got inactive solvent property.…”

Artemisia annua and artemisinins are ineffective against human Babesia microti and six Candida sp

“…in their stationary phase. Similar to azoles ( 53 ),results showed that artemisinins and A. annua were fungistatic and not fungicidal. Candida sp .…”

Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis—A Six‐year Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Moreover, an animal study showed that C albicans can cause severe epithelial dysplasia of the oral mucosa in mice, and may promote the carcinogenic progress of carcinogenic compounds 18 . Warnakulasuriya has previously proposed including CHC into OPMDs, 19 and here, we also highly recommend a unified consensus based on rather solid clinical evidence of high epithelial dysplasia rate and potential of malignant transformation.…”