The Use of Wavelength Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence in the Identification of the Elemental Composition of Vanilla Samples and the Determination of the Geographic Origin by Discriminant Function Analysis

Hondrogiannis, Ellen; Rotta, Kathryn; Zapf, Charles M.

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12050

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Other factors including the absorbability of the plant, chemical state of the soil, climate, microorganism activity, pesticide use, pollution, water, cultivation practices, and processing methods can also cause elemental concentration differences. These differences have been determined using various analytical techniques such as wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF), inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), isotope ratio–mass spectrometry (IRMS), and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) and have been used for geographical origin determination . More recent work includes the origin determination of cocaine, marijuana, and synthetic cannabinoids using elemental content measured by ICP‐MS .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Commercially Available Kratom by Purported Country of Origin using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry,

Braley

Hondrogiannis

2019

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Kratom is a plant material exhibiting both analgesic and stimulant effects and is also forensically relevant since it is abused as a “legal high.” It is regulated in several countries but not scheduled in the United States at the federal level. This study used inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) to measure the concentrations of 13 elements in 19 kratom samples obtained from an online distributor selling kratom, from Borneo, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam, for the purpose of using the elements to discriminate among purported country of origin, “suborigin,” and strain. Analysis of variance revealed statistical differences in concentrations of elements from each group, while discriminant function analysis (using leave‐one‐out classification) successfully classified kratom samples by their purported country of origin (100%), “suborigin,” (100%), and strain (86%). Our method illustrates the possibility of utilizing ICP–MS for determination of commercially available kratom samples by purported origin, “subororign,” or by product line.

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confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Commercially Available Kratom by Purported Country of Origin using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry,

Braley

Hondrogiannis

2019

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Data on the elemental composition of Vanilla planifolia fruit harvested in Indonesia and in Papua New Guinea are presented in Table 7. 24 Residues of the pesticide, quintozene, have been detected in Vanilla Planifolia fruit. 25…”

Section: Vanilla Planifolia Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vanilla

Singletary

2020

Nutr Today

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In many of the published studies, it is not known how the substance being tested compares to the cosmetic ingredient. Therefore, if it is not known whether the chemicals being discussed are cosmetic ingredients, the test substances will be identified simply as "vanilla extract;" if it is known that the substance is a cosmetic ingredient, the terminology "Vanilla Planifolia…" or "Vanilla Tahitensis…" (e.g. Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract) will be used. CHEMISTRY Definition Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla tahitensis are 2 orchid species, and Vanilla tahitensis is a hybrid between Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla odorata. 2 The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines vanilla beans as the properly cured and dried fruit pods of Vanilla planifolia Andrews and Vanilla tahitensis Moore [21 CFR 193.6]. According to the Dictionary, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract is the extract of the fruit (bean) of Vanilla planifolia, and Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract is the extract of the fruit (bean) of Vanilla tahitensis; vanilla extract is a technical name for both. 1 The FDA defines vanilla extract as the solution in aqueous ethyl alcohol of the sapid and odorous principles extractable from vanilla beans (21 CFR 169.175). It should be noted that vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. 3 It should also be noted that neither synthetic vanilla nor artificial vanilla are derived from Vanilla spp. Thus, data on synthetic or artificial vanilla are not applicable to the ingredients in this report.

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“…Vanilla is a flavoring traditionally recovered from the cured beans of the orchid genus Vanilla . It is also one of the three most expensive spices in the world, along with saffron and cardamom (Hondrogiannis et al, 2013 ). Other than as a fragrance, in traditional Mexican medicine vanilla was considered as a medicinal plant with multiple positive effects on men's health (Rain and Lubinsky, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vanilla × tahitensis traceability has already been carried out via different analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to analyse the volatile compounds for quality control (Brunschwig et al, 2016 ); analysis of the stable isotopes of carbon and hydrogen evidencing that V . × tahitensis has more heavy carbon than V. planifolia and that isotopes can be used to discriminate the geographic origin of the samples (Sølvbjerg Hansen et al, 2014 ); wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence to identify the elemental composition and the geographic origin of vanilla samples (Hondrogiannis et al, 2013 ). The use of metabolomics, allowing the detection and simultaneous analysis of hundreds or thousands of metabolites from different matrices, has recently gained high interest in food traceability (Oms-Oliu et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Profiling for Traceability of Vanilla ×tahitensis

et al. 2017

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Vanilla is a flavoring recovered from the cured beans of the orchid genus Vanilla. Vanilla ×tahitensis is traditionally cultivated on the islands of French Polynesia, where vanilla vines were first introduced during the nineteenth century and, since the 1960s, have been introduced to other Pacific countries such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), cultivated and sold as “Tahitian vanilla,” although both sensory properties and aspect are different. From an economic point of view, it is important to ensure V. ×tahitensis traceability and to guarantee that the marketed product is part of the future protected designation of the origin “Tahitian vanilla” (PDO), currently in progress in French Polynesia. The application of metabolomics, allowing the detection and simultaneous analysis of hundreds or thousands of metabolites from different matrices, has recently gained high interest in food traceability. Here, metabolomics analysis of phenolic compounds profiles was successfully applied for the first time to V. ×tahitensis to deepen our knowledge of vanilla metabolome, focusing on phenolics compounds, for traceability purposes. Phenolics were screened through a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled to a UHPLC liquid chromatography system, and 260 different compounds were clearly evidenced and subjected to different statistical analysis in order to enable the discrimination of the samples based on their origin. Eighty-eight and twenty three compounds, with a prevalence of flavonoids, resulted to be highly discriminant through ANOVA and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) respectively. Volcano plot analysis and pairwise comparisons were carried out to determine those compounds, mainly responsible for the differences among samples as a consequence of either origin or cultivar. The samples from PNG were clearly different from the Tahitian samples that were further divided in two different groups based on the different phenolic patterns. Among the 260 compounds, metabolomics analysis enabled the detection of previously unreported phenolics in vanilla (such as flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes and other polyphenols).

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The Use of Wavelength Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence in the Identification of the Elemental Composition of Vanilla Samples and the Determination of the Geographic Origin by Discriminant Function Analysis

Abstract: Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and discriminant function analysis were used to classify vanilla from different origins resulting in a model that could potentially serve to rapidly validate these samples before purchasing from a producer.

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Differentiation of Commercially Available Kratom by Purported Country of Origin using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry,

Differentiation of Commercially Available Kratom by Purported Country of Origin using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry,

Vanilla

Phenolic Profiling for Traceability of Vanilla ×tahitensis

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