The Use of Nanomedicine for Targeted Therapy against Bacterial Infections

Abstract

The emergence of drug resistance combined with limited success in the discovery of newer and effective antimicrobial chemotherapeutics poses a significant challenge to human and animal health. Nanoparticles may be an approach for effective drug development and delivery against infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Here we discuss nanoparticles therapeutics and nano-drug delivery against bacterial infections. The therapeutic efficacy of numerous kinds of nanoparticles including nanoantibiotics conjugates, small molecules capped nanoparticles, polymers stabilized nanoparticles, and biomolecules functionalized nanoparticles has been discussed. Moreover, nanoparticles-based drug delivery systems against bacterial infections have been described. Furthermore, the fundamental limitation of biocompatibility and biosafety of nanoparticles is also conferred. Finally, we propose potential future strategies of nanomaterials as antibacterials.physical strength, electrical conductance, chemical reactivity and optical effects [11]. These criteria help in increasing the surface area, enhancing release of drug, reducing the dose required, and improving solubility and bioavailability of the compounds [12]. Moreover, these properties are also important for the diagnosis of microbial diseases with high sensitivity and selectivity and those with fluorescent properties or labeled with fluorescent dyes have also been employed for bacterial detection and susceptibility. In addition, inorganic nanoparticle-based diagnostic approaches depend upon the identification of known bacterial genome sequences by directing probes, and thus may not recognize altered and/or novel bacterial strains [13]. Furthermore, nanoparticles based specific drug targeting improve the therapeutic index, increase stability of drug, and decrease drug resistance. For example, silver nanoparticles affect Escherichia coli by forming complex with electron donor groups on amino acids and nucleic acids [12]. At present, liposomal drugs and polymer-drug conjugates have been approved for infectious diseases treatment, and many other antimicrobial nanoparticle formulations are under preclinical test [14].Gold nanoparticles have gained significant attention recently due to their tunable antimicrobial applications. Gold has been the subject of interest against bacterial infections for its biocompatibility and ease in conjugation with drugs and biomolecules. Gold conjugated with various drugs have shown to enhance their efficacy against bacteria. Gold nanoparticles coated with aminoglycosides have been found to be efficient antibacterial agents against various bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [15]. In another study, after assessment of the surface chemistry of nanoparticles, the synergistic mechanism showed that hydrophobic cationic conjugated gold nanoparticles reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluoroquinolone against multidrug resistant by 8-16 times [16]. More recently, formulatio...

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

“…In this sense, there exist a plethora of publications regarding nanoencapsulation of antimicrobials in PNs to treat intracellular infections using diverse approaches to promote endocytosis of the PNs and the killing of pathogens by antimicrobials. These strategies include PNs using polymers as a delivery platform, PNs in which the polymer itself possesses antimicrobial properties and novel approaches such as hybrid platforms, smart materials, ligand-based functionalized PNs, lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( Figure 5 ) [ 4 , 46 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 ].…”

“…It used PNs functionalized with the Fc fragment of IgG to target neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) through an FcRn-mediated transcytosis mechanism so the PNs can finally overstep the intestinal epithelium. Valuable information that may be of interest to the reader have also been reviewed elsewhere regarding nanotherapeutics of leishmaniasis [ 120 , 236 , 237 ], tuberculosis [ 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 ], viral infections [ 243 , 244 ], HIV [ 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 ], malaria [ 118 , 250 , 251 , 252 ], infectious diseases [ 4 , 45 , 66 , 253 ], intracellular delivery [ 59 , 60 , 64 , 83 , 254 , 255 ], bacterial pathogens [ 46 , 192 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 ] and stimuli-responsive systems [ 15 , 58 , 260 , 261 , 262 ].…”

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Therapies: An up-to-date Overview

“…Nanoparticles can target microbial cells through two general possibilities, namely passive or active targeting [ 39 ]. On one hand, passive targeting is associated with the accumulation of nanoparticles at the infection site due to a higher vascular permeability and impaired lymphatic system functioning, leading to prolonged drug retention [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. This type of delivery is directly influenced by several factors, including hydrophobicity, van der Waals forces, and static electric attraction.…”

Tackling Multidrug Resistance in Streptococci – From Novel Biotherapeutic Strategies to Nanomedicines

“…Perhaps, the main aspect related to antimicrobial efficacy relates to nanoparticle dispersion and the AuNPs’ surface roughness that could interact with the bacteria membrane ( Lima et al, 2013 ). AuNPs have also been proposed as drug carriers, conveyors of gene therapy and photothermal therapy ( Li et al, 2019 ; Masri et al, 2019b ).…”