The use of modeling to increase independent behavior

The Assertive Interaction Coding System

“…As Adler (1977) has noted, "There are almost as many definitions of assertiveness as there are assertiveness trainers" (p. 6). Definitions of assertion have centered around emotional expression (Lazarus, 1971;Wolpe, 1958), self-expression (Fensterheim, 1972;Lawrence, 1970;Lieberman, 1972), self-disclosure and the capability for establishing access to outlets of intimacy (Anchor et al, 1977), expression of rights (Alberti and Emmons, 1974;Wolpe and Lazarus, 1966), the effects of assertive behavior on the environment (Goldstein et al, 1973;Heimberg et al, 1977;Hersen et al, 1973;O'Connor, 1969;Rich and Schroeder, 1976), and specific response classes Galassi et al, 1974;Lazarus, 1973). …”

“…the home (Gay et al, 1975) and in perpetuating continued emotional turmoil in situations where anxiety" inhibits the expression of appropriate feelings and adaptive social acts (Bates and Zimmerman, 1971). In response to these observations, various assessment and training approaches have been designed to improve social skills with such diverse populations as nonassertive college students (Curran and Gilbert, 1975;McFall and Lillesand, 1971;McFall and Marston, 1970;McFall and Twentyman, 1973), neurotic outpatients (Goldstein et al, 1973), schizophrenics (Edelstein and Eisler, 1976;Weinman et al, 1972), retarded young adults (Doleys et al, 1977), and the elderly (Edinberg et al, 1977).…”

The effect of two kinds of role playing on self-evaluation of improved assertiveness

“…Role playing traditionally has been employed as one of several components of assertive training programs (Galassi & Galassi, 1978; Hersen, Eider, Miller, Johnson, & Pinkston, 1973; Rathus, 1973). Although some outcome studies were less enthusthiastic in endorsing modeling through role enactments, as part of the training package (Fehrenbach & Thelen, 1981; Goldstein et al, 1973) its contribution and place in assertiveness training generally have been reaffirmed (e.g., McGuire & Thelen, 1983). Curiously, however, while the net contribution of the action modeling component in the training package has been studied (e.g., McFall & Twentyman, 1973), the relative contribution of the type of role playing that might be applied never has been investigated.…”

The Effects of Modeling and Instructions on High and Low Verbal Family Members

“…For less verbal clients, more elaborate audiotape or videotape examples represent the more useful strategy.The utility of applying social psychological research to psychotherapeutic settings by now is widely recognized. One series of studies with potential for application in the therapeutic setting has examined the effectiveness of modeling and instructions for modifying verbal behavior (Green & Marlatt, 1972;Goldstein, et al, 1973;Masters & Branch, 1969; Whalen, 1969). Green and Marlatt point out that instructions provide rules about appropriate behavior as well as instigations to follow the rules.…”