“…Mass shooting survivors, witnesses, and their families tend to suffer from severe mental and psychological trauma, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (Abrams, 2022;Lowe & Galea, 2017). In addition, to the general public, mass shootings also lead to fears and a declined perception of public safety in society (Lowe & Galea, 2017), as extant literature shows that mass shootings increase depression and other mental health disorders among adolescents and adults in society (Abrams, 2022;Brenan, 2019;Weitzel et al, 2023). On top of the psychological impact, mass shootings also have far-reaching economic consequences.…”