The use of cannabidiol as a novel treatment for oral stereotypic behaviour (crib-biting) in a horse

Cunha, Rodrigo Zamith; Felisardo, Letícia Locatelli; Salamanca, Giulia; Marchioni, Gabriela Gomes; Neto, Orlando  Iazzetti; Chiocchetti, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.vas.2023.100289

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy dogs and cats, as well as clinical studies investigating the treatment of osteoarthritis, canine epilepsy and canine atopic dermatitis have confirmed positive outcomes with little side effects following the oral administration of CBD oil or paste (5,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Initial scientific reports of CBD application in horses described the treatment of mechanical allodynia, second intention wound healing and treatment for stereotypic behavior such as crib-biting (24)(25)(26)(27). Subsequent studies started to analyze the pharmacokinetic properties of cannabinoids in horses and some studies reported positive therapeutic effects particularly for the treatment of chronic degenerative pain in horses (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses

et al. 2023

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Cannabidiol (CBD) products gain increasing popularity amongst animal owners and veterinarians as an alternative remedy for treatment of stress, inflammation or pain in horses. Whilst the use of cannabinoids is banned in equine sports, there is limited information available concerning CBD detection times in blood or urine. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD following oral administration in the horse to assist doping control laboratories with interpreting CBD analytical results. Part 1: dose escalation study: Single oral administration of three escalating doses of CBD paste (0.2 mg/kg, n = 3 horses; 1 mg/kg, n = 3; 3 mg/kg, n = 5) with >7 days wash-out periods in between. Part 2: multiple dose study: oral administration of CBD paste (3 mg/kg, n = 6) twice daily for 15 days. Multiple blood and urine samples were collected daily throughout both studies. Following study part 2, blood and urine samples were collected for 2 weeks to observe the elimination phase. Concentrations of CBD, its metabolites and further cannabinoids were evaluated using gas-chromatography/tandem-mass-spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed via two approaches: population pharmacokinetic analysis using a nonlinear mixed-effects model and non-compartmental analysis. AUC0–12 h and Cmax were tested for dose proportionality. During the elimination phase, the CBD steady-state urine to serum concentration ratio (Rss) was calculated. Oral CBD medication was well-tolerated in horses. Based on population pharmacokinetics, a three-compartment model with zero-order absorption most accurately described the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD. High volumes of distribution into peripheral compartments and high concentrations of 7-carboxy-CBD were observed in serum. Non-compartmental analysis identified a Cmax of 12.17 ± 2.08 ng/mL after single administration of CBD (dose: 3 mg/kg). AUC0–12 h showed dose proportionality, increase for Cmax leveled off at higher doses. Following multiple doses, the CBD terminal half-life was 161.29 ± 43.65 h in serum. Rss was 4.45 ± 1.04. CBD is extensively metabolized and shows high volumes of tissue distribution with a resulting extended elimination phase. Further investigation of the potential calming and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD are required to determine cut-off values for medication control using the calculated Rss.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses

et al. 2023

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“…Case reports have described CBD as an effective agent for the treatment of mechanical allodynia, chronic crib-biting and wind-sucking at an oral dose of 0.5 mg CBD/kg BID in horses ( 64 , 65 ). These reports did not test CBD levels in serum, but previous studies reported maximum CBD concentrations of less than 20 ng/mL in serum following administration of up to 3 mg CBD/kg p.o.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral observations, heart rate and cortisol monitoring in horses following multiple oral administrations of a cannabidiol containing paste (part 2/2)

Eichler,

Ehrle,

Machnik

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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As a remedy against stress and anxiety, cannabidiol (CBD) products are of increasing interest in veterinary medicine. Limited data is available describing the actual effectiveness of CBD in horses. The aim of this study (part 2 of 2) was to analyze stress parameters via behavioral observation, heart rate monitoring and assessment of blood and saliva cortisol levels in healthy horses treated repeatedly with a CBD containing paste. Twelve horses were randomly assigned to a treatment or a control group. Two pastes were orally administered in a double-blinded study design, one paste containing CBD and one paste without active ingredient. Both pastes were administered twice daily over 15 days (dose: 3 mg CBD/kg). Behavioral observations were conducted daily using a sedation score and a rating of facial expressions, based on the previously described facial sedation scale for horses (FaceSed) and the Horse Grimace Scale. Blood and saliva samples were obtained regularly to determine cortisol levels throughout the study. Cortisol levels were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Behavioral observations and cortisol levels were compared between groups. Prior to paste administration, a novel object test was performed and the horses’ reaction to loading on a trailer was recorded. Both tests were repeated after 13 days of paste application. Movement patterns such as different gaits during the novel object test were evaluated and an ethogram was designed to assess exhibited behavioral traits. Cardiac beat-to-beat (R-R) intervals were recorded throughout and evaluated using heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Blood and saliva samples for cortisol analysis were taken before and after the tests. Daily behavioral observations and cortisol levels did not differ between the treatment and the control group. Similarly, analysis of movement patterns, HR, HRV and cortisol levels during the novel object test and trailer test did not identify significant differences between the groups. Regularly administered oral CBD (3 mg/kg BID over 15 days) had no statistically significant effect on behavioral observations, cortisol levels, HR and HRV in horses. Further research is required to establish adequate doses and indications for the use of CBD in horses.

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“…Veterinarians are interested in the use of cannabinoid compounds derived from the Cannabis sativa plant as safe and effective alternatives for the treatment of DLE in dogs. Clinical studies and case reports in animals have shown positive results for the use of these compounds in the treatment of canine osteoarthritis (22-25, 31), epilepsy (31)(32)(33)(34), behavioral disorders in dogs (35)and horses (36), and antiinflammatory effects (37). However, no studies or reports have been conducted so far on the use of cannabis oil in the treatment of DLE in dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case report: Cannabinoid therapy for discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog

da Silva,

Christianetti,

Amazonas

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a common autoimmune skin disease in dogs. Conventional treatments, such as corticosteroids, can be effective but often have side effects. This case report presents a successful use of cannabinoid therapy (CT) in a dog with DLE resistant to conventional treatment. A 2-year-old mixed-breed dog with a history of DLE presented with worsening lesions despite treatment with corticosteroids and other medications. Liver enzymes levels were elevated, indicating corticosteroid-induced side effects. CT with a CBD-rich full spectrum Cannabis oil was initiated. The dosage was gradually adjusted until the minimum effective dose was found. Within a few weeks of starting CT, the dog showed significant improvement in skin lesions and in liver enzymes levels. After 1 year, the dog remains clinically stable on a low dose of full-spectrum CBD-rich oil. No evidence of DLE recurrence was observed. This case suggests that CT may be a viable alternative or complementary therapy for DLE in dogs, particularly for those experiencing adverse effects from conventional treatments. Further research is warranted to confirm the efficacy and safety of CT for DLE management in dogs.

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The use of cannabidiol as a novel treatment for oral stereotypic behaviour (crib-biting) in a horse

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses

Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses

Behavioral observations, heart rate and cortisol monitoring in horses following multiple oral administrations of a cannabidiol containing paste (part 2/2)

Case report: Cannabinoid therapy for discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog

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