The Use of 3D Printing Technology for Manufacturing Metal Antennas in the 5G/IoT Context

Helena, Diogo; Ramos, Amelia; Varum, Tiago; Matos, João N.

doi:10.3390/s21103321

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…After the printing has completed, all these parts are assembled from their respective Figure 3 3D printing and components of Industry 4.0 facilities at a particular site. Researchers (Helena et al, 2021) have used 3D printing technology for the production of antennas, which are used in the 5G network market. 5G technology is on the rise currently, and as a result, a number of connected integral components will be needed to be manufactured in bulk.…”

Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing towards implementing Industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges

Malik

Haq

Raina

et al. 2022

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Purpose Environmental degradation has emerged as one of the major limitations of industrial revolution and has led to an increased focus towards developing sustainable strategies and techniques. This paper aims to highlight the sustainability aspects of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology that helps towards a better implementation of Industry 4.0. It also aims to provide a brief picture of relationships between 3D printing, Industry 4.0 and sustainability. The major goal is to facilitate the researchers, scholars, engineers and recommend further research, development and innovations in the field. Design/methodology/approach The various enabling factors for implementation of Industry 4.0 are discussed in detail. Some barriers to incorporation of 3D Printing, its applications areas and global market scenario are also discussed. A through literature review has been done to study the detailed relationships between 3D printing, Industry 4.0 and sustainability. Findings The technological benefits of 3D printing are many such as weight savings, waste minimization and energy savings. Further, the production of new 3D printable materials with improved features helps in reducing the wastage of material during the process. 3D printing if used at a large scale would help industries to implement the concept of Industry 4.0. Originality/value This paper focuses on discussing technological revolution under Industry 4.0 and incorporates 3D printing-type technologies that largely change the product manufacturing scenario. The interrelationships between 3D printing, Industry 4.0 and sustainability have been discussed.

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Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing towards implementing Industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges

Malik

Haq

Raina

et al. 2022

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show abstract

“…Helena et al 44 In this case, 3D printing technology may be a viable choice because it can produce a very precise object at a lower cost. The methods for fabricating standard metal antennas using 3D printing technology are presented in this research.…”

Section: Review On 5g Sa For Iot Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

5G smart antenna for IoT application: A review

Kishore

Senapati

2022

Int J Communication

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Summary The fifth generation of mobile technology is referred to as “5G.” 5G refers to the next significant phase of mobile communications standards after the upcoming 4G standards. With 5G technology, the bulk of high‐bandwidth consumers would be able to use their phones in innovative ways. When 5G is pushed over a VOIP‐enabled device, individuals encounter record levels of call volume and data transmission. In this paper, we reviewed smart antenna 5G for Internet of Things (IoT) application. Beamforming is a 5G active antenna technique that uses directional radio links to concurrently and selectively supply high bandwidth to certain mobile devices. Multi‐antenna systems are required when using larger frequency ranges. The better the propagation conditions for electromagnetic waves, the higher the frequency. To some extent, multi‐antenna arrays and beamforming can assist mitigate this. Radio signals can be transmitted and received in a spatially targeted manner due to beamforming. The better the beamforming works, the more dipoles (antenna elements) are available. In contrast to earlier eras on wireless networking, such as Global System For Mobile Communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), also 4G/LTE, 5G would not require major technological advances. Additional systems and equipment are added to the existing LTE technology to increase data capacity and reduce latency. The 5G NR infrastructure depends heavily on active antenna arrays, which enable multi‐user multiple‐in multiple‐out (MIMO) technologies. For targeted radio contact with the receiver, these antenna modules use beamforming.

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“…A polylactic acid (PLA) is used to fabricate the antenna. PLA does no damage to the natural environment because it comes from renewable sources such as corn flour, sugar cane, cassava root starch, and potato starch [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Figure 10 depicts the model fabricated by the 3D printer.…”

Section: Implementation Of Spdamentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide-band conversion of donut-shaped pattern to directive one by square-shaped pattern director antenna

Hosseini¹,

Oraizi²

2021

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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In this paper, an antenna with 8 GHz (7–15 GHz) bandwidth is designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. Commonly, for the effective use of electromagnetic sources, mode converters are used to transform donut-shaped patterns to directive patterns. This paper introduces a novel antenna called the pattern director antenna (PDA) that solves most problems associated with the azimuthally symmetric output modes of high-power microwave sources. The PDA accepts directly (without the need for mode conversion) an azimuthally symmetric generated mode of an electromagnetic source and converts it to radiate a directive pattern. For the proof of concept and validation of the design by simulations, the 3D printing technology [using polylactic acid (PLA)] is used to fabricate the PDA and measure its radiation patterns and return loss. The selected material is cheap and also environmentally friendly. The antenna was coated with aluminum to become a conductor. The gain is from 16.8 to 21.8 dB in the frequency range. The S11, main lobe deviation (MLD), and sidelobe level (SLL) are less than −15 dB, 2°, and −7 dB, in all frequency range, respectively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement.

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The Use of 3D Printing Technology for Manufacturing Metal Antennas in the 5G/IoT Context

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

3D printing towards implementing Industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges

3D printing towards implementing Industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges

5G smart antenna for IoT application: A review

Wide-band conversion of donut-shaped pattern to directive one by square-shaped pattern director antenna

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