The ups and downs of signalling between root and shoot

Abstract

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the long‐distance signalling associated with many developmental processes is complex and that novel hormone‐like signals may play substantial roles. The past decades have seen several substances (e.g. brassinosteroids, systemin and other polypeptides, mevalonic and jasmonic acids, polyamines, oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and quinones) vie for a place among the classical plant hormones (e.g. Spaink, 1996). Recent microinjection and grafting studies have also shown that RNA may act as a long‐distance signal (Jorgensen et al., 1998; Xoconostle‐Cázares et al., 1999). In this issue, Hannah et al. describe long‐distance signalling and the regulation of root–shoot partitioning in dwarf lethal or dosage‐dependent lethal (DL) mutants of common bean (Shii et al., 1980, 1981), and present evidence indicating that substances in addition to classical plant hormones (e.g. cytokinins) may be involved. As in the report by Hannah et al., much of the evidence for roles of unidentified long‐distance signals in the control of plant development is indirect. The possibility that a small number of long‐distance signals might control a multitude of developmental processes arises through the potential for differences in tissue sensitivity, fluctuations in hormone levels and differences in the nature of responses of different tissues to the same hormone. Consequently, particular hormones may influence numerous processes seemingly simultaneously, yet independently. Even so, long‐distance signalling is involved in processes as diverse as root–shoot balance, senescence, branching, flowering, nodulation, stress responses and nutrient uptake. Through comparison of even a few different developmental processes, progress can be made to reveal the true complexity of plant development. Using this approach it is also clear that many unknown signals may be involved.

Are competitive interactions influenced by spatial nutrient heterogeneity and root foraging behavior?

“…In addition to physiological plasticity, there are many other facets of nutrient foraging that were not addressed by this study, yet are potentially important for explaining our results. These include within‐species genetic variability, root–shoot signaling, mycorrhizal symbioses, and soil fauna (Zhang & Ford, 1998; Beveridge, 2000).…”

Light-Sensing in Roots

“…Because root growth responds to hormonal and ionic gradients established by signal reception in leaves, 5 one might argue that photoreceptors in the roots themselves are redundant or at best, relatively unimportant. Yet photoreceptors provide unique information when deployed in different locations.…”