The Unbearable Lightness of the Extrapyramidal System

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates cortical–subcortical connectivity in sensorimotor network

“…The cerebellum is also an important part of the extrapyramidal system and communicates with the cerebrum via two‐stage feedforward and feedback systems, the cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway (i.e., the afferent pathway) and the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway (i.e., the efferent pathway) (de Oliveira‐Souza & Tovar‐Moll, 2012; Oliveira‐Souza, 1989; Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010; Zaretsky, 1982). The cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway originated from the cerebral cortical regions, terminated at the pons and then sends information to the cerebellar, whereas the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway originated from the cerebellar cortex, passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei, terminated at the THA and finally projected to the cerebrum cortex (Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010).…”

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates cortical–subcortical connectivity in sensorimotor network

“…The cerebellum is also an important part of the extrapyramidal system and communicates with the cerebrum via two‐stage feedforward and feedback systems, the cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway (i.e., the afferent pathway) and the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway (i.e., the efferent pathway) (de Oliveira‐Souza & Tovar‐Moll, 2012; Oliveira‐Souza, 1989; Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010; Zaretsky, 1982). The cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway originated from the cerebral cortical regions, terminated at the pons and then sends information to the cerebellar, whereas the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway originated from the cerebellar cortex, passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei, terminated at the THA and finally projected to the cerebrum cortex (Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010).…”

Discriminative Pattern of Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism-Plus Syndrome: an ASL-MRI study

“…The additional involvement of these two brain regions suggests that PPS patients might have more severe impairment of motor function than PD patients. It is known that the extrapyramidal system includes a cortical-ponto-cerebella-thalamocortical circuit [44]. The cerebellum, thalamus and SMA play essential role in the cerebella-thalamocortical circuit and participant in motor control [45].…”

Extrapyramidal System/Symptoms/Signs Should Be Retired

“…He wrote, “In view of the fact that bilateral transection of the pyramidal tracts does not prevent the appearance of bilateral epileptic attacks, i.e., the transmission of excitation from the cortex to the muscles, it is established beyond doubt that in the case of transection of the pyramidal tracts the pathways by means of which transmission of cortical epilepsy is effected must lie outside the pyramidal tracts and outside the so-called pontine tracts. To distinguish these apparently motor pathways from pyramidal and pontine tracts we shall call them extrapyramidal tracts.” 3 Later, Prus made several incisions in the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the posterior quadrigeminal plate avoiding the pyramidal and corticopontine tracts and that resulted in cessation of epileptic activities. He postulated, “conduction of cortical epilepsy takes place via centrifugal motor pathways which lie outside the pyramidal, as well as the frontal and temporo-occipital tracts, and which I have called extrapyramidal tracts.” 3…”

“…To distinguish these apparently motor pathways from pyramidal and pontine tracts we shall call them extrapyramidal tracts.” 3 Later, Prus made several incisions in the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the posterior quadrigeminal plate avoiding the pyramidal and corticopontine tracts and that resulted in cessation of epileptic activities. He postulated, “conduction of cortical epilepsy takes place via centrifugal motor pathways which lie outside the pyramidal, as well as the frontal and temporo-occipital tracts, and which I have called extrapyramidal tracts.” 3…”

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates cortical–subcortical connectivity in sensorimotor network

“…The cerebellum is also an important part of the extrapyramidal system and communicates with the cerebrum via two‐stage feedforward and feedback systems, the cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway (i.e., the afferent pathway) and the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway (i.e., the efferent pathway) (de Oliveira‐Souza & Tovar‐Moll, 2012; Oliveira‐Souza, 1989; Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010; Zaretsky, 1982). The cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway originated from the cerebral cortical regions, terminated at the pons and then sends information to the cerebellar, whereas the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway originated from the cerebellar cortex, passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei, terminated at the THA and finally projected to the cerebrum cortex (Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010).…”

Discriminative Pattern of Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism-Plus Syndrome: an ASL-MRI study

“…The additional involvement of these two brain regions suggests that PPS patients might have more severe impairment of motor function than PD patients. It is known that the extrapyramidal system includes a cortical-ponto-cerebella-thalamocortical circuit [44]. The cerebellum, thalamus and SMA play essential role in the cerebella-thalamocortical circuit and participant in motor control [45].…”

Extrapyramidal System/Symptoms/Signs Should Be Retired

“…He wrote, “In view of the fact that bilateral transection of the pyramidal tracts does not prevent the appearance of bilateral epileptic attacks, i.e., the transmission of excitation from the cortex to the muscles, it is established beyond doubt that in the case of transection of the pyramidal tracts the pathways by means of which transmission of cortical epilepsy is effected must lie outside the pyramidal tracts and outside the so-called pontine tracts. To distinguish these apparently motor pathways from pyramidal and pontine tracts we shall call them extrapyramidal tracts.” 3 Later, Prus made several incisions in the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the posterior quadrigeminal plate avoiding the pyramidal and corticopontine tracts and that resulted in cessation of epileptic activities. He postulated, “conduction of cortical epilepsy takes place via centrifugal motor pathways which lie outside the pyramidal, as well as the frontal and temporo-occipital tracts, and which I have called extrapyramidal tracts.” 3…”

“…To distinguish these apparently motor pathways from pyramidal and pontine tracts we shall call them extrapyramidal tracts.” 3 Later, Prus made several incisions in the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the posterior quadrigeminal plate avoiding the pyramidal and corticopontine tracts and that resulted in cessation of epileptic activities. He postulated, “conduction of cortical epilepsy takes place via centrifugal motor pathways which lie outside the pyramidal, as well as the frontal and temporo-occipital tracts, and which I have called extrapyramidal tracts.” 3…”

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates cortical–subcortical connectivity in sensorimotor network

“…The cerebellum is also an important part of the extrapyramidal system and communicates with the cerebrum via two‐stage feedforward and feedback systems, the cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway (i.e., the afferent pathway) and the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway (i.e., the efferent pathway) (de Oliveira‐Souza & Tovar‐Moll, 2012; Oliveira‐Souza, 1989; Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010; Zaretsky, 1982). The cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar pathway originated from the cerebral cortical regions, terminated at the pons and then sends information to the cerebellar, whereas the cerebello‐thalamic‐cortical pathway originated from the cerebellar cortex, passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei, terminated at the THA and finally projected to the cerebrum cortex (Stoodley & Schmahmann, 2010).…”

Discriminative Pattern of Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism-Plus Syndrome: an ASL-MRI study

“…The additional involvement of these two brain regions suggests that PPS patients might have more severe impairment of motor function than PD patients. It is known that the extrapyramidal system includes a cortical-ponto-cerebella-thalamocortical circuit [44]. The cerebellum, thalamus and SMA play essential role in the cerebella-thalamocortical circuit and participant in motor control [45].…”

Extrapyramidal System/Symptoms/Signs Should Be Retired

“…He wrote, “In view of the fact that bilateral transection of the pyramidal tracts does not prevent the appearance of bilateral epileptic attacks, i.e., the transmission of excitation from the cortex to the muscles, it is established beyond doubt that in the case of transection of the pyramidal tracts the pathways by means of which transmission of cortical epilepsy is effected must lie outside the pyramidal tracts and outside the so-called pontine tracts. To distinguish these apparently motor pathways from pyramidal and pontine tracts we shall call them extrapyramidal tracts.” 3 Later, Prus made several incisions in the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the posterior quadrigeminal plate avoiding the pyramidal and corticopontine tracts and that resulted in cessation of epileptic activities. He postulated, “conduction of cortical epilepsy takes place via centrifugal motor pathways which lie outside the pyramidal, as well as the frontal and temporo-occipital tracts, and which I have called extrapyramidal tracts.” 3…”

“…To distinguish these apparently motor pathways from pyramidal and pontine tracts we shall call them extrapyramidal tracts.” 3 Later, Prus made several incisions in the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the posterior quadrigeminal plate avoiding the pyramidal and corticopontine tracts and that resulted in cessation of epileptic activities. He postulated, “conduction of cortical epilepsy takes place via centrifugal motor pathways which lie outside the pyramidal, as well as the frontal and temporo-occipital tracts, and which I have called extrapyramidal tracts.” 3…”