The two and half minute walk: Fast charging of electric vehicles and the economic value of walkability

Abstract

The number of electric vehicles in the Netherlands has sharply increased over the past decade. This has caused a need for the allocation of a substantial amount of new electric vehicle chargers around the country, which in turn has been acknowledged by a variety of legislative bodies. However, the approach of how these new charging infrastructures need to be spatially distributed has yet to be decided, including the distance that an electric vehicle charger could be allocated from the final destination of its driver. The hypothesis of this study is that if residents walk a longer distance to/from these charging stations, the chargers could be shared by a greater number of electric vehicle owners, and the total cost of the new charging infrastructure could be reduced. By using linear integer programming, the minimum cost of allocating new fastcharging stations in a central, densely populated area of Amsterdam, accounting for 7% of the city's population, is calculated. The results show that if residents were to walk for five minutes (roughly 400 metres) instead of two and half minutes (roughly 200 metres), the overall cost of new electric vehicle chargers could be reduced by more than 1 million euros. The study also found that both the cost of new charging stations and their efficiency of use are vastly affected by the portion of the charging infrastructure that is saved for people visiting the area. The findings of this study are discussed in detail, including the proposal of potential further studies.

Mobility, electricity, and parking data for EV infrastructure in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area

“…The five types of data were chosen as their combination and analysis bring opportunities to research on urban and regional mobility using GIS software, especially involving electric vehicles and electricity-based transport systems. The resulting dataset could be used for analyzing the potential location and distribution of electric vehicles charging infrastructure (similar to [9] ), or in combination with mobility survey data to determine the impact to the electricity grid supply and infrastructure of new mobility systems (similar to [10] and [11] ).…”

The innovative role of cities in solving global problems with local solutions

“…Similar tree planting initiatives are also part of the greening strategies of Delhi (India). EPB is increasingly receiving more papers on urban heat islands, greening and mobility/ infrastructure challenges related to electric vehicles; see, e.g., Johnson et al (2021), Mashhoodi et al (2021), Kamata and Kang (2023) and Jung et al (2024). This trend is likely to continue in the future.…”

Drivers’ range anxiety and cost of new EV chargers in Amsterdam: a scenario-based optimization approach

“…Planning electric vehicle charging infrastructure for the Italian highway network, Micari et al (2017) fixed the level of range anxiety at 75%. A study on the association between the walkability of urban areas and the cost of electric vehicles' fast chargers set the level of range anxiety at 70% (Mashhoodi et al, 2019). Alhazmi, Mostafa, and Salama (2017) have acknowledged the significance and uncertainty of the 'remaining electric range' of the EVs and adopted a stochastic function to accommodate it.…”