The Structuring Role of Marine Life in Open Ocean Habitat: Importance to International Policy

O‘Leary, Bethan Christine; Roberts, Callum M.

doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00268

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…With sustainable development of oceans and ''blue growth'' on international political agendas, and growing interest in the protection of ocean habitats for climate change mitigation and adaptation through ecosystem services, increased knowledge of the functional roles of marine life is essential to inform scientific advice, policy decisions, and effective climate action. 153,158,159 Leveraging naturally occurring C fixation, storage, and sequestration interactions for climate change mitigation and adaptation can be a strategy with lower risk and lower cost than many geoengineering solutions. 160,161 However, due to the escalating severity of the climate crisis, this strategy should be viewed as an addition to, not a replacement for, strategies to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integral functions of marine vertebrates in the ocean carbon cycle and climate change mitigation

et al. 2021

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In the last decade, the ocean has absorbed a quarter of the Earth's greenhouse gas emissions through the carbon (C) cycle, a naturally occurring process. Aspects of the ocean C cycle are now being incorporated into climate change mitigation and adaptation plans. Currently, too little is known about marine vertebrate C functions for their inclusion in policies. Fortunately, marine vertebrate biology, behavior, and ecology through the lens of C and nutrient cycling and flux is an emerging area of research that is rich in existing data. This review uses literature and trusted data sources to describe marine vertebrate C interactions, provides quantification where possible, and highlights knowledge gaps. Implications of better understanding the integral functions of marine vertebrates in the ocean C cycle include the need for consideration of these functions both in policies on nature-based climate change mitigation and adaptation, and in management of marine vertebrate populations. ll

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integral functions of marine vertebrates in the ocean carbon cycle and climate change mitigation

et al. 2021

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“…An empowered global Conference of Parties is necessary to ensure that the scope of authority of at least one decisionmaking center is "coterminous with the boundaries" of the global biodiversity problems being addressed (enabling condition 7). A Conference of Parties supported by a strong Secretariat could simultaneously serve to promote universal participation, harmonize UNCLOS with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), CBD, CITES, CMS and other instruments, strengthen coordination, integration and conflict resolution mechanisms, while enabling participation of all stakeholders (Mahon et al, 2015;O'Leary and Roberts, 2017;Mahon and Fanning, 2019a;Yadav and Gjerde, 2020). An independent globallyfocused scientific and technical advisory body could ensure an authoritative voice and global perspective regarding conservation measures such as MPAs and EIAs, with the BBNJ Conference of Parties empowered to adopt protective measures for MPAs and impose conditions for approval of EIAs.…”

Section: Robust Global Institutional Arrangements (Enabling Conditions 2 4 and 7)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycentricity and Regional Ocean Governance: Implications for the Emerging UN Agreement on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

Gjerde

Yadav

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The governance of the two-thirds of the world’s ocean in areas beyond national jurisdiction (the high seas and deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction or ABNJ) is currently fragmented into diverse institutions addressing specific activities, issues or regions. This has hampered the international community’s ability to redress critical issues including biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change, ecosystem degradation and declining fisheries in an integrated and ecosystem-based manner. Our analysis of polycentricity theory and associated enabling conditions shows that the current polycentric approach to marine biodiversity in ABNJ is not yet fully functional: it is missing the two key attributes of: (1) generally applicable rules and norms structuring actions and behaviors, and (2) processes to enhance cooperation, coordination, and conflict resolution. Based on the enabling conditions conducive for achieving “a functional polycentric governance system” identified in Carlisle and Gruby (2019), combined with a prior analysis applying resilience principles for socio-ecological systems to ABNJ (Yadav and Gjerde, 2020), this article suggests seven ways the emerging United Nations agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of ABNJ (BBNJ Agreement) could stimulate coordinated and integrated action at both global and regional levels in ABNJ. These include: (1) overarching rules, goals and objectives; (2) formal and informal conflict resolution mechanisms; (3) robust global institutional arrangements; (4) strengthened global, regional and sectoral bodies with shared and overlapping responsibility for biodiversity conservation; (5) strengthened cooperation through integrated ecosystem assessments and strategic action programmes at ecologically meaningful scales that could include areas within and beyond national jurisdiction; (6) learning exchange mechanisms within and across regions; and (7) strengthened regional and national capacities for ecosystem-based management in ABNJ. Taken together, these tools could enhance the resilience of ocean institutions, ecosystems and biodiversity to cope with growing pressures, uncertainty and rapid change in ABNJ.

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“…Deficiencies of the current framework are identified as an important reason why there is a need for the potential new instrument to fill the gaps (Gjerde et al, 2019). The place of the new instrument in the existing governance framework has been intensively discussed in the strand of literature discussing what the principle of not undermining existing institutions involves (Ardron et al, 2014;O'Leary and Roberts, 2017;Quirk and Harden-Davies, 2017;Scanlon, 2018;Friedman, 2019), as well as in research on regional initiatives and cooperation (Rochette et al, 2014b;Warner et al, 2014;Durussel et al, 2017;Wright and Rochette, 2017). The literature discusses potential models for the new ocean governance framework, including the notions of ocean connectivity and climate change impacts (O' Leary et al, 2012;Ban et al, 2014b;Evans et al, 2015;O'Leary and Roberts, 2017;De Santo, 2018;Johnson et al, 2018;Hofman, 2019;Popova et al, 2019).…”

Section: An Ocean In Need Of Protection: Area-based Management Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the exception of one publication, the BBNJ literature on environmental impact assessments consensually points to the need to consider cumulative impacts and integrate climate change issues into discussions regarding EIAs and SEAs (Warner, 2014(Warner, , 2017(Warner, , 2018Gjerde et al, 2016;Ma et al, 2016;Sander, 2016;Marciniak, 2017). Regarding the importance to notify adjacent Potential models: Regional, Hybrid, and Global (Quirk and Harden-Davies, 2017;Elferink, 2019;Gjerde et al, 2019;Scott, 2019); Global-Hybrid Model (Vithanage, 2017) Improve potential of RFMOs (Scanlon, 2018) MPAs to be based on transparent, best-available science (O' Leary et al, 2012;Evans et al, 2015;Dias et al, 2017;Gjerde et al, 2019;Gownaris et al, 2019) Consideration of Marine ecological connectivity, Circulation connectivity, Migratory and cultural connectivity (O' Leary et al, 2012;Evans et al, 2015;O'Leary and Roberts, 2017;De Santo, 2018;Hofman, 2019;Popova et al, 2019); Full protection of MPAs (O' Leary and Roberts, 2018;Gownaris et al, 2019) Identification: Using pelagic birds to identify MPAs (Dias et al, 2017); Designation of EBSAs based on occurrence of Tropic Seamounts (Ramiro-Sanchez et al, 2019); biogeographic classifications (Rice et al, 2011); Consider climate change in MPA design (Johnson et al, 2018;Warner, 2018;Dunn et al, 2019) Long-term, precautionary and ecosystem approach (Marciniak, 2017;Johnson et al, 2018;…”

Section: Measuring the Human Footprint On The High Seas: Environmental Impact Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Voice of Science on Marine Biodiversity Negotiations: A Systematic Literature Review

Wysocki

Vadrot

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Over one hundred governments are currently negotiating a new legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The new agreement is to address four broad themes: marine genetic resources (MGRs); area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs); environmental impact assessments (EIAs); and capacity building and the transfer of marine technology (CB&TT). Although a large corpus of scientific BBNJ literature exists, a comprehensive overview and critical analysis of the academic debate is currently missing. This systematic review seeks to fill this gap by examining the main priority topics and recommendations in a sample of 140 multidisciplinary, geographically diverse publications. As an up-to-date summary and analysis, it is intended for researchers from diverse academic disciplines in the natural and social sciences, policy-makers, and practitioners. It untangles the complex BBNJ negotiations, highlights the policy relevance of existing work, and facilitates links between science, policy, and practice. It presents recommendations made in the literature sample for each of the four package elements of the future treaty and identifies four overarching themes: ocean connectivity, institutional design, the role of science, and digital technology. This paper identifies two important gaps that need to be addressed if we are to conserve marine biodiversity in international waters: the science-policy interfaces and the need for transformative change.

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The Structuring Role of Marine Life in Open Ocean Habitat: Importance to International Policy

Cited by 12 publications

References 78 publications

Integral functions of marine vertebrates in the ocean carbon cycle and climate change mitigation

Integral functions of marine vertebrates in the ocean carbon cycle and climate change mitigation

Polycentricity and Regional Ocean Governance: Implications for the Emerging UN Agreement on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

The Voice of Science on Marine Biodiversity Negotiations: A Systematic Literature Review

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