The Structure and Function of the Sebaceous Glands

Lobitz, Walter C.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1957.01550200006002

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The pilosebaceous unit was a successful innovation in mammalian evolution, playing an important role in epidermal homeostasis: lubricating the skin, creating a hydrophobic and thermoregulating layer, protecting from dehydration and pathogenic microorganisms (Parry 1949; Lobitz 1957; Spearman 1972; Sokolov 1982; Hicks et al. 1985; Niemann and Horsley 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A key functional innovation emerging in the ancestors of mammals was the pilosebaceous unit composed of the hair follicle (HF) and the sebaceous gland (SG) (fig. 1 A ) (Lobitz 1957). SGs are composed of sebum-producing cells (sebocytes) that release their content onto the skin surface, playing a key role in sustaining skin homeostasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SGs are composed of sebum-producing cells (sebocytes) that release their content onto the skin surface, playing a key role in sustaining skin homeostasis. The secretion of sebum contributes toward the establishment of the skin barrier: minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogenic microbiota and UV-induced damage (Lobitz 1957; Smith and Thiboutot 2008; Pappas 2009; Niemann and Horsley 2012). Sebum is a mixture of mostly nonpolar lipids, which are de novo synthesized in the gland.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complete Inactivation of Sebum-Producing Genes Parallels the Loss of Sebaceous Glands in Cetacea

Lopes-Marques

Machado

Alves

et al. 2019

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Genomes are dynamic biological units, with processes of gene duplication and loss triggering evolutionary novelty. The mammalian skin provides a remarkable case study on the occurrence of adaptive morphological innovations. Skin sebaceous glands (SGs), for instance, emerged in the ancestor of mammals serving pivotal roles, such as lubrication, waterproofing, immunity, and thermoregulation, through the secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of various neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol, free fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol, and squalene. Remarkably, SGs are absent in a few mammalian lineages, including the iconic Cetacea. We investigated the evolution of the key molecular components responsible for skin sebum production: Dgat2l6, Awat1, Awat2, Elovl3, Mogat3, and Fabp9. We show that all analyzed genes have been rendered nonfunctional in Cetacea species (toothed and baleen whales). Transcriptomic analysis, including a novel skin transcriptome from blue whale, supports gene inactivation. The conserved mutational pattern found in most analyzed genes, indicates that pseudogenization events took place prior to the diversification of modern Cetacea lineages. Genome and skin transcriptome analysis of the common hippopotamus highlighted the convergent loss of a subset of sebum-producing genes, notably Awat1 and Mogat3. Partial loss profiles were also detected in non-Cetacea aquatic mammals, such as the Florida manatee, and in terrestrial mammals displaying specialized skin phenotypes such as the African elephant, white rhinoceros and pig. Our findings reveal a unique landscape of “gene vestiges” in the Cetacea sebum-producing compartment, with limited gene loss observed in other mammalian lineages: suggestive of specific adaptations or specializations of skin lipids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complete Inactivation of Sebum-Producing Genes Parallels the Loss of Sebaceous Glands in Cetacea

Lopes-Marques

Machado

Alves

et al. 2019

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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“…Within skin epithelium, sebocytes are easily identified by their large size and ‘foamy’ appearance (Fig. ) resulting from the production of intracellular lipid droplets . Having developed early during hair follicle morphogenesis, from intrafollicular epithelial progenitor cells , relatively undifferentiated sebocytes in mature SGs are located in the outermost layer (peripheral zone), which shows the highest proliferative activity (Fig.…”

Section: Sebocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical guide for the study of human and murine sebaceous glands in situ

Hinde

Haslam

Schneider³

et al. 2013

Experimental Dermatology

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The skin of most mammals is characterised by the presence of sebaceous glands (SGs), whose predominant constituent cell population is sebocytes, that is, lipid-producing epithelial cells, which develop from the hair follicle. Besides holocrine sebum production (which contributes 90% of skin surface lipids), multiple additional SG functions have emerged. These range from antimicrobial peptide production and immunomodulation, via lipid and hormone synthesis/metabolism, to the provision of an epithelial progenitor cell reservoir. Therefore, in addition to its involvement in common skin diseases (e.g. acne vulgaris), the unfolding diversity of SG functions, both in skin health and disease, has raised interest in this integral component of the pilosebaceous unit. This practical guide provides an introduction to SG biology and to relevant SG histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, with emphasis placed on in situ evaluation methods that can be easily employed. We propose a range of simple, established markers, which are particularly instructive when addressing specific SG research questions in the two most commonly investigated species in SG research, humans and mice. To facilitate the development of reproducible analysis techniques for the in situ evaluation of SGs, this methods review concludes by suggesting quantitative (immuno-)histomorphometric methods for standardised SG evaluation.

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“…A prim ary pituitary insufficiency may explain these abnormalities. Lobitz [25] stresses the importance of the hypophysis in activating the oil glands. He speaks of a specific sebaceous gland factor " sebotropin" .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital Generalized Melanoleucoderma Associated with Hypodontia, Hypotrichosis, Stunted Growth and Mental Retardation Occurring in Two Brothers and Two Sisters

Berlin¹

1961

Dermatology

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The Structure and Function of the Sebaceous Glands

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Complete Inactivation of Sebum-Producing Genes Parallels the Loss of Sebaceous Glands in Cetacea

Complete Inactivation of Sebum-Producing Genes Parallels the Loss of Sebaceous Glands in Cetacea

A practical guide for the study of human and murine sebaceous glands in situ

Congenital Generalized Melanoleucoderma Associated with Hypodontia, Hypotrichosis, Stunted Growth and Mental Retardation Occurring in Two Brothers and Two Sisters

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