The Status of Child Nutrition in the Gulf Arab States

Ol, Farrag

doi:10.1093/tropej/29.6.325

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…This is an accepted meth od [Waterlow et al, 1977;Alvarez et al. 1990] and, in the absence of reference data for Saudi children, the World Health Organisation-approved data from the National Cen tre for Health Statistics (NCHS) of American children was used as a reference [Owen, 1973], The data indicate moder ate malnutrition in these Saudi children, which is in agree ment with other surveys [Wirths et al, 1977a,b;Farrag, 1983;Sebai, 1988;Serenius and Hofvander, 1988].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Effects of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water, Nutritional Status, and Socio- Economic Status on the Prevalence of Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel in Permanent Teeth in Saudi 14-Year-0ld Boys

Rugg-Gunn

Al-Mohammadi

Butler³

1997

Caries Res

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Fourteen-year-old boys from three regions of Saudi Arabia were surveyed in 1992/3. These regions were Jeddah (which receives desalinated water containing 0.22 mgF/l) Riyadh (receiving water containing 0.78 mgF/l) and Qassim (2.66 mgF/l). For each of these urban communities an adjacent rural community was selected; these received water with 0.25, 0.80, and 2.71 mg/l, respectively. Subjects from the urban communities were classified into high, medium and low socio-economic status based on area of residence, income and education level of parents. Nutritional status was calculated from height and age using WHO methods and expressed as height for age percentage of the median of the reference population (HAM); children with HAM scores of less than 95% were classed as malnourished. The developmental defects of enamel index was recorded on the buccal surface of all permanent teeth, by one examiner. Colour photographs of anterior teeth were read ‘blind’ to investigate examiner bias between regions – there was no bias. A total of 1,539 children were examined who had been continuously resident in that community. Overall, 83% of subjects had one or more enamel defects with a mean number of teeth affected per person of 9.6. Diffuse defects were the most common. Multivariate analyses revealed that all three variables – region, nutritional status, socio-economic status – were statistically significantly related to the prevalence of defects and the number of teeth affected: prevalence was highest in the region with the highest water fluoride concentration, in rural areas and in malnourished subjects. Maxillary incisor teeth were the most affected teeth in all regions. The findings have implications for those in public health who determine optimum fluoride levels in drinking water in Saudi Arabia and beyond.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Effects of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water, Nutritional Status, and Socio- Economic Status on the Prevalence of Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel in Permanent Teeth in Saudi 14-Year-0ld Boys

Rugg-Gunn

Al-Mohammadi

Butler³

1997

Caries Res

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“…Cohort studies investigating children and adolescents at risk for CVD described their adverse blood lipid levels as being the same as those in adults and predicted risk for hypertension in adulthood for some children [4]. Economic transitions occurred during Nutrients 2024, 16, 1243 2 of 16 the early 1980s, in Kuwait [5], causing a shift in the nutritional behaviors and health of children from being undernourished and having an obesity prevalence of <1% in 1980 to having an obesity prevalence of 31% in 2012. This was associated with high caloric intakes, insufficient physical activity, and increased risk of prehypertension and adverse blood lipids among schoolchildren, particularly girls [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Includes all forms except juice 4. Includes any beans and peas (called legumes in HEI-2005) not counted as total protein foods (called meat and beans in HEI-2005) 5. Includes all milk products, such as fluid milk, yogurt, and cheese, and fortified soy beverages 6.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary Quality Evidenced by the Healthy Eating Index and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Kuwaiti Schoolchildren

Al-Farhan,

Weatherspoon,

Pfeiffer

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Background: Poor dietary quality is associated with adiposity and other risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children. In Kuwait, although children’s food choices are a concern, no studies have evaluated dietary quality relative to the risk of CVD in Kuwaiti schoolchildren. This study hypothesized that dietary quality using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is associated with CVD risk factors in children and that there are associated sex differences. Objective: Our main objective was to evaluate the dietary quality of schoolchildren and investigate whether poor HEI scores are associated with CVD risk and if there are sex differences. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of Kuwaiti fifth graders (n = 313; 53% girls; mean age = 10.4 ± 0.4 years) who completed an adapted Block Kids 2004 food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical data were also measured. HEI-2010 and HEI-2015 scores were calculated. Statistics: A general linear model and logistic regression were applied, controlling for moderate–vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen time (ST). Results: The total HEI-2010 and HEI-2015 scores were 58 and 52 points, respectively; a trend analysis indicated that more girls than boys had poor (≤50 points) HEI-2015 scores (p < 0.063). The maximum scores for total vegetables (p < 0.001), dairy (p < 0.034), and fatty acids (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in girls, while the maximum scores for whole grains (p < 0.046) and protein (p < 0.006), but not sodium (p < 0.009), were higher in boys. Obesity was inversely associated with poor total HEI 2010 and HEI 2015 scores (OR: 0.347, 95% CI: 0.234 - 0.516, p < 0.001 and OR: 0.561, 95% CI: 0.391–0.805, p < 0.002, respectively). However, the correlation was lost after adjustment for possible confounding factors. Conclusions: Dietary quality for children overall in this study was low, and there was only a weak association between poor scores and elevated blood pressure and none between scores and obesity. These findings have public health implications and warrant further investigation and attention.

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Parental responses to consanguinity and genetic disease in Saudi Arabia

Panter‐Brick

1991

Social Science & Medicine

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The Status of Child Nutrition in the Gulf Arab States

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water, Nutritional Status, and Socio- Economic Status on the Prevalence of Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel in Permanent Teeth in Saudi 14-Year-0ld Boys

Effects of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water, Nutritional Status, and Socio- Economic Status on the Prevalence of Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel in Permanent Teeth in Saudi 14-Year-0ld Boys

Dietary Quality Evidenced by the Healthy Eating Index and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Kuwaiti Schoolchildren

Parental responses to consanguinity and genetic disease in Saudi Arabia

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