The Soviet country profile: Health of the U.S.S.R. population in the 70s and 80s—An approach to a comprehensive analysis

Population aging from 1950 to 2010 in seventeen transitional countries in the wider region of South Eastern Europe

“…Such changes are clearly visible in the official data provided by regional governments to the various WHO offices including the European Health for All Database. These positive developments were initially visible among the Semashko-type (10) health systems and much later in Turkey (11). After the "baby boom" of post World War II generations, a few health policymakers anticipated the scale of the population aging that was about to come.…”

Population aging from 1950 to 2010 in seventeen transitional countries in the wider region of South Eastern Europe

“…Such changes are clearly visible in the official data provided by regional governments to the various WHO offices including the European Health for All Database. These positive developments were initially visible among the Semashko-type (10) health systems and much later in Turkey (11). After the "baby boom" of post World War II generations, a few health policymakers anticipated the scale of the population aging that was about to come.…”

Child Mortality and Environment in Developing Countries

“…McKee and Chenet (2002) note Central Asia is plagued by ''an unusual pattern of mortality and struggles with the double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases'' (p. 57); poor and/or restricted health data on the region are a persistent problem and thus analysis of mortality and interpreting relevant data has been severely limited. Mezentseva and Rimachevskaya (1990) reported that in the Soviet Republics with the highest rates of infant mortality, infectious, parasitic, respiratory and digestive conditions explained the largest variation-all conditions linked to environmental quality as well as socio-cultural and economic variations. Carlson and Bernstam (1990) performed a study on the determinants of life expectancy and infant mortality in the USSR, focusing on socio-economic and environmental health variables.…”

“…Historically, broad access to education, social services and medical care and facilities throughout the FSU meant literacy rates, medical personnel per capita, and school enrolment rates were well above average for countries of similar economic development (DHS, 2002;WHO, 1996WHO, , 1999. Urban and rural populations did account for some variation in access to such services within the USSR and differentials in mortality between the two groups has grown over time (Buckley, 1998;Mezentseva & Rimachevskaya, 1990). In the post-Soviet period, healthcare expenditure and access to medical supplies and equipment have declined throughout the CARs, especially in rural areas, resulting in reduced health, particularly for women and children (Buckley, 2003).…”

Health system reform in former socialist countries of europe

“…The health situation in FSE can properly be described as one of relative and in some cases absolute decline when compared with EME countries. In addition, in the former Soviet Union in particular, there are wide differences in the mortality rates between republics, particularly between the richer Western republics including the Baltic States, Belarus and the Russian Federation itself where the IMR has been between 14 and 20, and the Central Asian republics such as Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan where the IMR has exceeded 35, much closer to the rates prevailing in other lower-middle-income countries (Menzentseva and Rimachevskaya, 1990). The pattern of disease in most of these countries resembles that prevailing in EME countries.…”

Population aging from 1950 to 2010 in seventeen transitional countries in the wider region of South Eastern Europe

“…Such changes are clearly visible in the official data provided by regional governments to the various WHO offices including the European Health for All Database. These positive developments were initially visible among the Semashko-type (10) health systems and much later in Turkey (11). After the "baby boom" of post World War II generations, a few health policymakers anticipated the scale of the population aging that was about to come.…”

Child Mortality and Environment in Developing Countries

“…McKee and Chenet (2002) note Central Asia is plagued by ''an unusual pattern of mortality and struggles with the double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases'' (p. 57); poor and/or restricted health data on the region are a persistent problem and thus analysis of mortality and interpreting relevant data has been severely limited. Mezentseva and Rimachevskaya (1990) reported that in the Soviet Republics with the highest rates of infant mortality, infectious, parasitic, respiratory and digestive conditions explained the largest variation-all conditions linked to environmental quality as well as socio-cultural and economic variations. Carlson and Bernstam (1990) performed a study on the determinants of life expectancy and infant mortality in the USSR, focusing on socio-economic and environmental health variables.…”

“…Historically, broad access to education, social services and medical care and facilities throughout the FSU meant literacy rates, medical personnel per capita, and school enrolment rates were well above average for countries of similar economic development (DHS, 2002;WHO, 1996WHO, , 1999. Urban and rural populations did account for some variation in access to such services within the USSR and differentials in mortality between the two groups has grown over time (Buckley, 1998;Mezentseva & Rimachevskaya, 1990). In the post-Soviet period, healthcare expenditure and access to medical supplies and equipment have declined throughout the CARs, especially in rural areas, resulting in reduced health, particularly for women and children (Buckley, 2003).…”

Health system reform in former socialist countries of europe

“…The health situation in FSE can properly be described as one of relative and in some cases absolute decline when compared with EME countries. In addition, in the former Soviet Union in particular, there are wide differences in the mortality rates between republics, particularly between the richer Western republics including the Baltic States, Belarus and the Russian Federation itself where the IMR has been between 14 and 20, and the Central Asian republics such as Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan where the IMR has exceeded 35, much closer to the rates prevailing in other lower-middle-income countries (Menzentseva and Rimachevskaya, 1990). The pattern of disease in most of these countries resembles that prevailing in EME countries.…”

Population aging from 1950 to 2010 in seventeen transitional countries in the wider region of South Eastern Europe

“…Such changes are clearly visible in the official data provided by regional governments to the various WHO offices including the European Health for All Database. These positive developments were initially visible among the Semashko-type (10) health systems and much later in Turkey (11). After the "baby boom" of post World War II generations, a few health policymakers anticipated the scale of the population aging that was about to come.…”

Child Mortality and Environment in Developing Countries

“…McKee and Chenet (2002) note Central Asia is plagued by ''an unusual pattern of mortality and struggles with the double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases'' (p. 57); poor and/or restricted health data on the region are a persistent problem and thus analysis of mortality and interpreting relevant data has been severely limited. Mezentseva and Rimachevskaya (1990) reported that in the Soviet Republics with the highest rates of infant mortality, infectious, parasitic, respiratory and digestive conditions explained the largest variation-all conditions linked to environmental quality as well as socio-cultural and economic variations. Carlson and Bernstam (1990) performed a study on the determinants of life expectancy and infant mortality in the USSR, focusing on socio-economic and environmental health variables.…”

“…Historically, broad access to education, social services and medical care and facilities throughout the FSU meant literacy rates, medical personnel per capita, and school enrolment rates were well above average for countries of similar economic development (DHS, 2002;WHO, 1996WHO, , 1999. Urban and rural populations did account for some variation in access to such services within the USSR and differentials in mortality between the two groups has grown over time (Buckley, 1998;Mezentseva & Rimachevskaya, 1990). In the post-Soviet period, healthcare expenditure and access to medical supplies and equipment have declined throughout the CARs, especially in rural areas, resulting in reduced health, particularly for women and children (Buckley, 2003).…”

Health system reform in former socialist countries of europe

“…The health situation in FSE can properly be described as one of relative and in some cases absolute decline when compared with EME countries. In addition, in the former Soviet Union in particular, there are wide differences in the mortality rates between republics, particularly between the richer Western republics including the Baltic States, Belarus and the Russian Federation itself where the IMR has been between 14 and 20, and the Central Asian republics such as Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan where the IMR has exceeded 35, much closer to the rates prevailing in other lower-middle-income countries (Menzentseva and Rimachevskaya, 1990). The pattern of disease in most of these countries resembles that prevailing in EME countries.…”