The Social Impact of the Tour de France: Comparisons of Residents' Pre- and Post-event Perceptions

Determinants and Consequences of the Perceived Social Impact of a Sport Event

“…In response to inconclusive economic impact research (e.g., Baade, 1996;Baade & Dye, 1990;Crompton, 1999), growing attention has been paid to the perceived social impact of sport events (Balduck, Maes, & Buelens, 2011;Chalip, 2006;Crompton, 2004;Kim & Walker, 2012;Waitt, 2003). This attention is based on the fact that social impact represents the only type of event benefits that internally focuses on local residents (Crompton, 2004), and hence has been recognized "as a core source of potential event value" (Chalip, 2006, p. 109).…”

“…For example, Waitt (2003) assessed the extent to which the Sydney Olympics affected the attitudes of host city residents in terms of their sense of community spirit, sense of pride in the community, and sense of excitement. In the context of the Tour de France, Balduck et al (2011) examined residents' evaluations of how the event contributed to the image enhancement of their community. Kim and Walker (2012) further investigated the perceived social impact of Super Bowl XLIII hosted in Tampa Bay by collecting data on residents' perceptions about what psychological benefits the event has generated for the host city.…”

Fostering the social utility of events: an integrative framework for the strategic use of events in community development

“…The employment of events as a means for community development, aimed to obtain a range of benefits (Gibson & Connell, 2011;Moscardo, 2008;Smith, 2009), such as building group and place identity (De Bres & Davis, 2001;Derrett, 2003;Green & Chalip, 1998;Ramshaw & Hinch, 2006) or achieving urban regeneration (Gratton & Henry, 2001;Harcup, 2000;Hiller, 2000;Smith, 2012), have shifted the event management and policy attention towards the social and cultural dimensions of events (Balduck, Maes, & Buelens, 2011;Burbank, Andranovich, & Heying, 2001;Deccio & Baloglu, 2002;Deery & Jago, 2010;Delamere, Wankel, & Hinch, 2001;Fredline, Jago, & Deery, 2003;Reid, 2008;Robertson, Rogers, & Leask, 2009;Roche, 2000;Waitt, 2003).…”

Learning and knowledge transfer processes in a mega-events context: The case of the 2011 Rugby World Cup

“…There is a considerable debate around the impacts of megaevents on the host community (Balduck, Maes, & Buelens, 2011;Jones, 2001;Ohmann, Jones, & Wilkes, 2006). While a number of studies point to the negative impacts (e.g., traffic congestion, excessive noise, increased pollution, inflated prices; Allen, O'Toole, Harris, & McDonnell, 2011), previous research has also demonstrated that events can provide benefits to the host community such as increased publicity, a more prominent position in the tourism market and hence a competitive advantage (Buhalis, 2000;Morse, 2001;O'Brien, 2006).…”