The social definition of women's smoking behaviour

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Kenya and the Challenges Impeding Cessation

“…From this study, the male population was found to be more prone to cigarette smoking as compared to their female counterparts. This is consistent with most African cultures and partly some western cultures which postulate that a woman who smokes a cigarette is a candidate for wayward behaviour and therefore cigarette smoking is unacceptable for women [25]. In most cases, this narrative has been found to be true [26].…”

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Kenya and the Challenges Impeding Cessation

“…From this study, the male population was found to be more prone to cigarette smoking as compared to their female counterparts. This is consistent with most African cultures and partly some western cultures which postulate that a woman who smokes a cigarette is a candidate for wayward behaviour and therefore cigarette smoking is unacceptable for women [25]. In most cases, this narrative has been found to be true [26].…”

Smoking as subculture? Influence on Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women's attitudes toward smoking and obesity.

“…A woman's personal smoking status emerged as a robust predictor of stereotypes toward women who smoke as well as toward women who are overweight. Female smokers of both ethnicities evaluated a woman who smokes more positively than did female nonsmokers, which is consistent with prior findings (Carll, 1978; Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Corty, & Olshavsky, 1981; Elkind, 1985; Polivy, Hackett, & Bycio, 1979). Moreover, female smokers evaluated a woman who smokes more positively than one who is overweight.…”

When Job Opportunities Go Up in Smoke

“…This might reflect changes in societal views of smoking as a gendered behavior. While earlier work has shown particularly negative stigmatization of women that smoke (e.g., Elkind, 1985; Nichter, 2006), our findings suggest that such views have evolved. In contrast, the negative evaluations received by vapers were especially salient when the applicant was a woman.…”

“…Similarly, while smoking was viewed as consistent with men’s masculine identity (e.g., signaling toughness or dominance), it was seen as a source of shame and incongruent with feminine identity for women (Alexander et al, 2010). These negative associations coincide with more dated literature that described young women who smoked as promiscuous and of low social status (Elkind, 1985). These views have deemed smoking as a masculine activity and thus inappropriate for engagement in by women (i.e., a violation of gender norms and expectations).…”

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Kenya and the Challenges Impeding Cessation

“…From this study, the male population was found to be more prone to cigarette smoking as compared to their female counterparts. This is consistent with most African cultures and partly some western cultures which postulate that a woman who smokes a cigarette is a candidate for wayward behaviour and therefore cigarette smoking is unacceptable for women [25]. In most cases, this narrative has been found to be true [26].…”

Smoking as subculture? Influence on Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women's attitudes toward smoking and obesity.

“…A woman's personal smoking status emerged as a robust predictor of stereotypes toward women who smoke as well as toward women who are overweight. Female smokers of both ethnicities evaluated a woman who smokes more positively than did female nonsmokers, which is consistent with prior findings (Carll, 1978; Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Corty, & Olshavsky, 1981; Elkind, 1985; Polivy, Hackett, & Bycio, 1979). Moreover, female smokers evaluated a woman who smokes more positively than one who is overweight.…”

When Job Opportunities Go Up in Smoke

“…This might reflect changes in societal views of smoking as a gendered behavior. While earlier work has shown particularly negative stigmatization of women that smoke (e.g., Elkind, 1985; Nichter, 2006), our findings suggest that such views have evolved. In contrast, the negative evaluations received by vapers were especially salient when the applicant was a woman.…”

“…Similarly, while smoking was viewed as consistent with men’s masculine identity (e.g., signaling toughness or dominance), it was seen as a source of shame and incongruent with feminine identity for women (Alexander et al, 2010). These negative associations coincide with more dated literature that described young women who smoked as promiscuous and of low social status (Elkind, 1985). These views have deemed smoking as a masculine activity and thus inappropriate for engagement in by women (i.e., a violation of gender norms and expectations).…”

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Kenya and the Challenges Impeding Cessation

“…From this study, the male population was found to be more prone to cigarette smoking as compared to their female counterparts. This is consistent with most African cultures and partly some western cultures which postulate that a woman who smokes a cigarette is a candidate for wayward behaviour and therefore cigarette smoking is unacceptable for women [25]. In most cases, this narrative has been found to be true [26].…”

Smoking as subculture? Influence on Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women's attitudes toward smoking and obesity.

“…A woman's personal smoking status emerged as a robust predictor of stereotypes toward women who smoke as well as toward women who are overweight. Female smokers of both ethnicities evaluated a woman who smokes more positively than did female nonsmokers, which is consistent with prior findings (Carll, 1978; Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Corty, & Olshavsky, 1981; Elkind, 1985; Polivy, Hackett, & Bycio, 1979). Moreover, female smokers evaluated a woman who smokes more positively than one who is overweight.…”

When Job Opportunities Go Up in Smoke

“…This might reflect changes in societal views of smoking as a gendered behavior. While earlier work has shown particularly negative stigmatization of women that smoke (e.g., Elkind, 1985; Nichter, 2006), our findings suggest that such views have evolved. In contrast, the negative evaluations received by vapers were especially salient when the applicant was a woman.…”

“…Similarly, while smoking was viewed as consistent with men’s masculine identity (e.g., signaling toughness or dominance), it was seen as a source of shame and incongruent with feminine identity for women (Alexander et al, 2010). These negative associations coincide with more dated literature that described young women who smoked as promiscuous and of low social status (Elkind, 1985). These views have deemed smoking as a masculine activity and thus inappropriate for engagement in by women (i.e., a violation of gender norms and expectations).…”