This article introduces a team-based model of researchers in a specialty and investigates the manifestation of such teams in a specialty's literature. The proposed qualitative behavioral model, with its mathematical expression as a growth model, is significant because it simultaneously describes the two phenomena of collaboration and author productivity (Lotka's law) in a specialty. The model is nested: A team process models the creation of research teams and the success-breeds-success process of their production of articles, while at a lower level the productivity of authors within teams is also modeled as a success-breeds-success process. Interteam collaboration (weak ties) is modeled as random events. This simple growth model is shown to faithfully mimic six network metrics of bipartite article-author networks. The model is demonstrated on three example article collections from specialties that have a wide range of degree of collaboration: (a) a distance education collection with low collaboration degree, (b) a complex networks collection with typical collaboration degree, and (c) an atrial ablation collection with heavy collaboration degree.
Introduction
MotivationCollections of journal articles that cover a research specialty are collections of research reports that have been vetted by the review process. Such collections can be monitored by subject matter experts to assess the state of research progress in the specialty, and this information can be used to advise government policy makers, business leaders, and leaders in research institutions (Porter, Roper, Mason, Rossini, & Banks, 1991).A research specialty is a self-organized social organization that manifests itself in its journal literature through several types of entities: (a) articles, (b) journals, (c) article authors, (d) references, (e) terms, (f) reference authors, (g) reference journals, and more (Morris & Yen, 2004). Among these entities, article authors, hereafter referred to simply as "authors," represent the human creators of research. As such, their behavior and social organization drive all other aspects of the specialty. The productivity of authors, measured in the number of articles they publish, is an indicator of their standing and importance in the specialty. The social organization of researchers, and the pattern of assistance and information sharing that they provide one another, that is, their pattern of collaboration, form a complex network. Knowledge of the structure and dynamics of this collaboration network provides great insight into the processes driving research within a specialty, especially the processes driving research team formation, interteam collaboration, and growth to dominance of successful teams and successful researchers.Coauthorship of articles is an imperfect measure of the processes driving collaboration among researchers in a specialty (Melin & Persson, 1996;Subramanyam, 1983). However, there are many advantages to studying collaboration through coauthorship in collections of articles, with the chief advanta...