The significance of aryl acylamidase activity of acetylcholinesterase in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization

Abstract

Osteoblast differentiation is an essential event in the developmental process, which is favoured by the production of extra cellular matrix proteins and various enzymes including discrete ones like acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Despite the fact that AChE facilitates osteoblast differentiation, the significance of its catalytic functions [esterase and aryl acylamidase (AAA) activities] in the process is yet to be ascertained. In this context, SaOS-2 cell line was used in the present study to implicate the catalytic activities of AChE in process of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. During differentiation, it was found that the activity of both esterase and AAA increased 1.13 and 1.46 folds respectively, signifying the involvement of catalytic activities of AChE in the process. Inhibition of both the catalytic activities of AChE with edrophonium significantly reduced the amount of mineralization by decreasing the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of differentiation-related genes such as RUNX-2, COL1A, ALP, OC, and OP significantly (p < 0.05). Inhibition of esterase activity without altering the AAA activity using gallamine significantly increased the level ALP activity and expression of differentiation-associated genes (p < 0.05), thus favouring mineralization. Therefore, this study concludes and confirms that the AAA activity of AChE is actively involved in the process of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.

The role of DNA methylation on gene expression in the vertebrae of ancestrally benzo[a]pyrene exposed F1 and F3 male medaka

“…The expression pattern in the bone tissue of the ancestrally exposed individuals suggested an inhibited osteoblastogenesis event during skeletogenesis possibly responsible for the significantly reduced osteoblast number. Both ACHE (down-regulated) and TP53INP2 (down-regulated) play a role in facilitating osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro by activating Wnt/β-catenin signalling [ 69–71 ]. LRP3 , an LRP family member, was found to be inhibited and possibly indicative for reduced osteogenesis [ 72 ].…”

Neuroprotective Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Extracts on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment

“…AChE has three variants known as AChE-S, AChE-R, and AChE-E and they have multiple biological effects [39]. Previous studies showed that AChE was related to neuronal differentiation and mineralization, as well as extension of neurite outgrowth [40,41]. In addition, AChE activity is not limited to cholinergic transmission and is associated with several non-cholinergic actions such as cell proliferation [42].…”

Taxon- and Site-Specific Melatonin Catabolism

“…In older literature, such enzymes were generally referred to as aryl acylamidases (AAAs). Moreover, AAA side activities were described for acetylcholinesterase [ 46 ], also under the name of AAA-2 [ 47 ], and butyrylcholinesterase [ 48 , 49 , 50 ], but their roles as melatonin-converting enzymes seem to be low or irrelevant. Other AAAs were detected in liver [ 51 , 52 ], brain [ 47 ] and pineal gland [ 53 ].…”