The signature of the human syntactic architecture

The dual loop model: its relation to language and other modalities

“…Musso et al showed that a parieto-frontal along the SLF 2-3 pathway is involved in the detection of structural incongruence (a chord out of key) (Musso et al, 2009). Schulze et al showed a specific involvement of pars opercularis and parieto-temporal activation (and, therefore probably related to the dorsal pathway) for tonal working memory (k1) (Schulze et al, 2011).…”

“…Intra-operative electrical stimulation gives evidence of a dorsal phonological pathway, connecting the inferior frontal cortex (IFC)/ventral premotor cortex and the supramarginalis gyrus/postero-superior temporal cortex via cortico-cortical connections (Duffau et al, 2003a , b ) and the arcuate fasciculus (Duffau et al, 2002 ). At least a dorsal pathway connecting temporo-parietal regions with Broca's area is involved in finite and phrase-structure grammar (e2) (Friederici et al, 2006 ; Musso et al, 2009 ) as well as in gender processing (Vidorreta et al, 2011 ). f The ventral pathway along the anterior part of the left superior temporal sulcus is involved in intelligible speech (Scott et al, 2000 ), along the anterior part of the left STG in accessing semantic contents from spoken words (but not environmental sounds) (Thierry et al, 2003b ).…”

“…This form of “perceptual” memory is labeled echoic memory (Watkins and Watkins, 1980 ; Cowan, 1984 ; Penney, 1989 ). Musso et al found (f2) that perceptual action violation within a sentence relates to an insulo-temporal interaction along left EmC (Musso et al, 2009 ). Grammar processing (f3) involves ventral fronto-temporo-parietal interaction for an artificial finite-state grammar task (Friederici et al, 2006 ) and for recognition of long term dependencies in real language (Musso et al, 2009 ).…”

“…Musso et al found (f2) that perceptual action violation within a sentence relates to an insulo-temporal interaction along left EmC (Musso et al, 2009 ). Grammar processing (f3) involves ventral fronto-temporo-parietal interaction for an artificial finite-state grammar task (Friederici et al, 2006 ) and for recognition of long term dependencies in real language (Musso et al, 2009 ). g The major functional role of the dorsal pathway between the visual area and the superior parietal lobule is the control of actions “online” (g) (Rizzolatti and Matelli, 2003 ).…”

“…i Corbetta and Shulman (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002 ) j (Umarova et al, 2010 ) k Integration of linguistic and musical elements within structural representations involves the same amplitude of the P600, a centroparietal component that, therefore, could be related to dorsal pathway (Patel, 2008 ). Musso et al showed that a parieto-frontal along the SLF 2-3 pathway is involved in the detection of structural incongruence (a chord out of key) (Musso et al, 2009 ). Schulze et al showed a specific involvement of pars opercularis and parieto-temporal activation (and, therefore probably related to the dorsal pathway) for tonal working memory (k1) (Schulze et al, 2011 ).…”