The shoulder complex in elevation of the arm: A mechanism approach

Dvir, Zeevi; Berme, N.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(78)90047-7

Cited by 164 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Electromyographic descriptions of trapezius and serratus anterior activities during humeral elevation have commonly been related to the 2-D kinematic patterns of scapular u p ward rotation (2,15,24,44). Little discussion has related muscle activity to the patterns of tipping and external rotation that are also occurring with humeral elevation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Scapular Orientation and Muscle Activity at Selected Positions of Humeral Elevation

Ludewig

Cook

Nawoczenski

1996

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

359

242

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levation of the arm for overhead activities is accomplished by combined motion at multiple articulations of the shoulder, including the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joints (24,48). Some authors include the scapulothoracic articulation when describing shoulder anatomy and kinesiology (24,29). Due to the ligamentous and capsular attachments of the scapula to the clavicle and the clavicle to the sternum, scapulothoracic movement requires motion of the clavicle on the thorax at the sternoclavicular joint, motion of the scapula relative to the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint, o r some combination of both (24). Scapulothoracic motion, therefore, is a summation of sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular motion, and, subsequently, elevation of the arm is frequently described in terms of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral components.Cathcart, while observing arm movements in living subjects, first suggested that glenohumeral and scapulothoracic motion occur synchronously when lifting the arm overhead (7). Codman later termed this synchronous motion, scapulohumeral rhythm (8). Since that time, a great deal of research in shoulder kinematics has been directed toward the study of scapulohumeral rhythm (2, 14,19,24,45,48)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Scapular Orientation and Muscle Activity at Selected Positions of Humeral Elevation

Ludewig

Cook

Nawoczenski

1996

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

359

242

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Biomechanical descriptions of shoulder function have progressed from qualitative 2D kinematic models with restricted motion patterns, 62,63 to models which attempt to estimate composite shoulder muscle forces as functions of 3D arm position and external load in static and quasi-static situations, 64 ± 66 to more elaborate dynamic and`muscle speci®c' descriptions of function. 67 ± 70 Several reports have indicated that the glenohumeral joint can be accurately modeled as a ball-and-socket joint with 38 of freedom and with a center of rotation approximating the geometric center of the joint.…”

Section: Transfer Research Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preserving transfer independence among individuals with spinal cord injury

et al. 2000

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Study design: Literature review. Objectives: Upper extremity (UE) joint degeneration, particularly at the shoulder, detrimentally in¯uences functional independence, quality of life, cardiovascular disease risk, and life expectancy of individuals following spinal cord injury (SCI). This review (1) describes UE use for transfers among individuals with SCI; (2) describes contributing factors associated with UE joint degeneration and loss of transfer independence; (3) summarizes and identi®es gaps in existing research; and (4) provides suggestions for future research. Results: Investigations of wheelchair transfer related UE joint and function preservation among individuals with SCI should consider factors including age and length of time from SCI onset, interface between subject-wheelchair, pain, shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength de®ciencies or imbalances, exercise capacity and tolerance for the physical strain of activities of daily living (ADL), body mass and composition, previous UE injury or disease history, and transfer techniques. Existing studies of transfers among individuals with SCI have relied on small groups of either asymptomatic or non-impaired subjects, with minimal integration of kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic data. Descriptions of UE joint ROM, forces, and moments produced during transfers are lacking. Conclusions: Biomechanical measurement and computer modeling have provided increasingly accurate tools for acquiring the data needed to guide intervention planning to prevent UE joint degeneration and preserve function among individuals with SCI. The identi®cation of stressful sub-components during transfers will enable intervening clinicians and engineers who design and modify assistive and adaptive devices to better serve individuals with SCI. Spinal Cord (2000) 38, 649 ± 657

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“…19,20,35 In subjects with glenohumeral inferior instability, decreased scapular upward rotation has been identified as a possible contributing mechanism. 25 Because scapular motion on the thorax results in motion at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint and/or acromioclavicular (AC) joint, 7,12 abnormal scapular motions must be associated with abnormal motion at 1 or both of these joints. Due to the ligamentous and capsular attachments of the scapula to the clavicle and clavicle to the thorax, scapulothoracic motion requires SC or AC joint motion, or some combination of motion at both joints.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Clavicular Motion During Arm Elevation: Reliability and Descriptive Data

Ludewig¹,

Behrens²,

Meyer³

et al. 2004

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

101

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Study Design: Cross-sectional. Objectives: To determine the reliability of a surface sensor measurement of clavicular motion during arm elevation and to describe 3-dimensional clavicular motion in an asymptomatic population. Background: Abnormal scapular motion on the thorax has been implicated in shoulder pathology. Without the ability to measure clavicular motion, it is not possible to identify if abnormal scapular motions derive from the sternoclavicular or acromioclavicular joints. Methods and Measures: Thirty-nine subjects participated in the investigation, including an asymptomatic group (n = 30) and a group with a history or current symptoms of shoulder pathology (n = 9). Clavicular angles relative to the thorax were tracked with surface electromagnetic sensors on the thorax, clavicle, and humerus as subjects completed humeral flexion, scapular plane abduction, and abduction. Within-day reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and SEM. Descriptive statistics quantified sternoclavicular joint motions for the various arm movements. Results: Reliable measurements were obtained, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.93 to 0.99, and SEMs from 0.9°to 1.8°. Between-day reliability SEM values were generally 2°to 4°. During elevation of the arm, the clavicle with respect to the thorax generally undergoes elevation (11°-15°maximum), retraction (15°-29°maximum), and posterior long-axis rotation (15°-31°maximum), with variability between subjects and planes of motion regarding the magnitude of motion. Conclusion: Rehabilitation approaches attempting to improve shoulder motion should benefit from improved knowledge of 3-dimensional contributions of the clavicle to normal and abnormal scapular kinematics.

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The shoulder complex in elevation of the arm: A mechanism approach

Cited by 164 publications

References 4 publications

Three-Dimensional Scapular Orientation and Muscle Activity at Selected Positions of Humeral Elevation

Three-Dimensional Scapular Orientation and Muscle Activity at Selected Positions of Humeral Elevation

Preserving transfer independence among individuals with spinal cord injury

Three-Dimensional Clavicular Motion During Arm Elevation: Reliability and Descriptive Data

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