The shooter bias: Replicating the classic effect and introducing a novel paradigm

Essien, Iniobong; Stelter, Marleen; Kalbe, Felix; Koehler, Andreas; Mangels, Jana; Meliß, Stefanie

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.009

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…We acknowledge a number of limitations of this study. In terms of the facial trust detection ask, our mass online testing allowed us to present only ten faces to participants, which may have limited the precision of our signal detection measures (Essien et al, 2017 ); in future research, it will be useful to employ more trials. A second limitation was that we only used male Caucasian faces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia

et al. 2020

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Objectives Paranoia is known to be associated with insecure attachment, with negative self‐esteem as a mediator, but this pathway is insufficient to explain the paranoid individual’s beliefs about malevolent others. Mistrust is a likely additional factor as it is a core feature of paranoid thinking also associated with insecure attachment styles. In this study, we tested whether mistrust – operationalized as judgements about the trustworthiness of unfamiliar faces – constitutes a second pathway from insecure attachment to paranoia. Design The design of the study was cross‐sectional. Methods A nationally representative British sample of 1,508 participants aged 18–86, 50.8% female, recruited through the survey company Qualtrics, completed measurements of attachment style, negative self‐esteem, and paranoid beliefs. Usable data were obtained from 1,121 participants. Participants were asked to make trustworthiness judgements about computer‐generated faces, and their outcomes were analysed by conducting signal detection analysis, which provided measures of bias (the tendency to assume untrustworthiness in conditions of uncertainty) and sensitivity (accuracy in distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy faces). Results Results using structural equation modelling revealed a good model fit ( RMSEA = .071, 95% CI: 0.067–0.075, SRMR = .045, CFI = .93, TLI = .92). We observed indirect effects through bias towards mistrust both for the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance (β = .003, 95% CI : 0.001–0.005, p < .001) and attachment anxiety and paranoia (β = .003, 95% CI 0.002–0.006, p < .001). We observed an indirect effect through negative self‐esteem only for the relationship between attachment anxiety and paranoia (β = .064, 95% CI : 0.053–0.077, p < .001). Trust judgements and negative self‐esteem were not associated with each other. Conclusions We find that a bias towards mistrust is associated with greater paranoia. We also find indirect effects through bias towards mistrust between attachment styles and paranoia. Finally, we reaffirm the strong indirect effect through negative self‐esteem between attachment anxiety and paranoia. Limitations of the study are discussed. Practitioner points When working with individuals suffering from paranoia, clinicians should consider not only explicit, deliberative cognitive processes of the kind addressed in cognitive behaviour therapy (e.g. cognitive restructuring) but also the way in which their patients make perceptual judgements (e.g., their immediate reactions on encountering new people) and consider interventions targeted at these judgements, for example, bias modification training. Ass...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia

et al. 2020

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“…The protocol has also been extended to test other forms of racism, such as Islamophobia. For example, Essien et al [10] found shooter bias toward Muslims with a set of German participants completing the task involving Muslim vs. White German agents. This Islamophobic bias has been replicated with Middle Eastern participants and found to be exacerbated by traditional Muslim clothing [32].…”

Section: Relationship Between Explicit and Implicit Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robots And Racism

Bartneck

Yogeeswaran

Ser

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

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Most robots currently being sold or developed are either stylized with white material or have a metallic appearance. In this research we used the shooter bias paradigm and several questionnaires to investigate if people automatically identify robots as being racialized, such that we might say that some robots are "White" while others are "Asian", or "Black". To do so, we conducted an extended replication of the classic social psychological shooter bias paradigm using robot stimuli to explore whether effects known from humanhuman intergroup experiments would generalize to robots that were racialized as Black and White. Reaction-time based measures revealed that participants demonstrated 'shooter-bias' toward both Black people and robot racialized as Black. Participants were also willing to attribute a race to the robots depending on their racialization and demonstrated a high degree of inter-subject agreement when it came to these attributions.

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“…Research that implemented the shooter task has shown that the decision to shoot is faster when a weapon is presented with a Black person compared to a White person. People showed behavioral responses that reflect stereotype application in this simple judgmental task about 550 ms after the onset of a category exemplar (e.g., shoot response after seeing a Black person holding a gun; Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002;Correll et al, 2007; for a recent conceptual replication see Essien et al, 2017 may go along with ascribing a stereotypical versus a nonstereotypical trait to a respective category differ at 180-200 and 300-350 ms after activation (Jia et al, 2012). The behavioral responses that indicate stereotype application in that task took about 400 ms after activation.…”

Section: Speed and Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Antecedents of Discrimination

Roth

Deutsch

Sherman

2019

European Psychologist

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Abstract. In increasingly diverse societies, discrimination against social groups and their members continues to be a public and political concern. Research has addressed three basic cognitive processes that precede discrimination: categorization, stereotype/prejudice activation, and stereotype/prejudice application, suggesting that these processes occur in an automatic fashion. However, there are multiple components of automaticity, including unawareness, efficiency, unintentionality, and uncontrollability. Most of the previous research implies that these components of automaticity converge with respect to cognitive antecedents of discrimination. Here, we review evidence on the distinct components of automaticity in order to assess whether (a) categorization, (b) stereotype/prejudice activation, and (c) stereotype/prejudice application occur (1) without awareness, (2) efficiently, and (3) goal-independently. We highlight evidence indicating convergence or divergence of the automaticity components during each of the processing stages. This analysis provides readers with an up-to-date review that helps to evaluate whether a multi-component approach to automaticity is of additional benefit in aggregating knowledge about the cognitive antecedents of discrimination. We discuss open issues and avenues for future research.

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The shooter bias: Replicating the classic effect and introducing a novel paradigm

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia

Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia

Robots And Racism

Automatic Antecedents of Discrimination

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