The seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus and canine influenza virus in dogs in New Zealand

Abstract

This study revealed the presence of antibodies to CRCoV in dogs in New Zealand. Young dogs are less likely to be seropositive than older dogs, probably due to increased opportunity for exposure to CRCoV over time. Serum antibodies to CIV were not detected in any of the dogs sampled, suggesting that this virus is unlikely to be present in dogs in New Zealand. CLINICAL RELEVENCE: Canine respiratory coronavirus is present in New Zealand. Although the role of this virus in canine infectious tracheobronchitis has not been fully elucidated, evidence suggests that it may have a causal role in this disease. Veterinarians should consider CRCoV as a differential diagnosis in cases of respiratory disease in dogs in New Zealand. While CIV appears not to be currently present in New Zealand, veterinarians should consider infection with this virus as a differential diagnosis in dogs presenting with respiratory signs.

A Serological Survey of Canine Respiratory Coronavirus and Canine Influenza Virus in Korean Dogs

“…Of the 286 pet dog sera, 39 were seropositive, again reflecting different levels in different areas: Seoul (20.0%), Gyeonggi (17.4%), and Gyeongbuk (2.1%) ( Table 1). Seropositivity for CRCoV was higher in older dogs than in younger dogs based on a cut-off of two years of age [10]. However, this study cannot address the effect of age on seropositivity more specifically because precise information correlating sample positivity to animal age was not available.…”

“…The rate of avian H3N2 influenza seropositivity in Korean dogs in 2007 was 0.48% (2/419) for pet dogs and 5.1% (16/311) for farmed dogs, with the exception of a mass CIV infection outbreak that occurred on farms [11]. By comparison, in New Zealand 73 of the 251 dogs tested were seropositive for CRCoV, while CIV was not detected [10]. To examine relationship between the seroprevalence of CRCoV and CIV, the levels of CIV and CRCoV seropositivity were examined in 197 farmed dogs and 286 pet dogs using an Ab ELISA kit (Animal Genetics.…”

“…To date, few CRCoV strains have been isolated from a small number of countries: the United Kingdom (n=2), Japan (n=2), Italy (n=1), and Korea (n=3) [1,6,12,17]. Antibodies against CRCoV are common in canine populations in the United Kingdom (36.2%), Republic of Ireland (30.3%), USA (54.7%), Japan (17.8%), Italy (32.1%), and New Zealand (29%) [4,9,10,13].…”

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

“…In other countries, serological surveys 14,15 of dogs for evidence of exposure to CIV H3N8 have been conducted with largely negative results; however, additional transmissions of influenza A viruses from multiple species to dogs have been reported. Retrospective studies implicated equine FLUAV subtype H3N8 as the cause of isolated respiratory outbreaks in dogs in the United Kingdom in 2002 and 2003 12,20 and in Australia, 13 where dozens of dogs in contact with infected horses developed influenza-like illness during the 2007 equine influenza outbreak.…”

Diagnostic performance of the canine Influenza A Virus subtype H3N8 hemagglutination inhibition assay

“…[2][3][4]8,9,13,15,22,24,26,27 To date, there is no evidence of H3N8 CIV circulation in other countries. 5,18,19,23 Similar to other host-adapted mammalian Influenza A virus strains, H3N8 CIV is efficiently transmitted between dogs and can cause outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) in communal housing settings such as racing greyhound kennels, boarding and/or training facilities, and animal shelters. 3,4,8,9,13,15,22,24,36 Molecular analyses of H3N8 CIV isolates indicate prior transmission of a Florida sublineage (clade 1) H3N8 equine Influenza A virus (H3N8 EIV) from horses to dogs, followed by viral adaptation to the new canine host.…”