The sensitivity of the cod sacculus to directional and non-directional sound stimuli

Orientation to Auditory and Lateral Line Stimuli

“…Stimulation of the otolith organs via the swimbladder is likely to be identical for symmetrical parts of the two ears, and also independent of sound direction. In agreement with this notion, Buwalda and van der Steen (1979) observed that whereas the saccular microphonic responses in Atlantic cod showed a cosine relationship to the axis of particle motion in a standing wave with a high ratio between particle motion and pressure, the responses became omnidirectional when this ratio was inverted. However, the incident particle motion input to the otolith organs will generate different responses in symmetrical elements of the ears (except for sources in the midsagittal plane).…”

“…Nearly all later neurophysiological studies of directional hearing in fish have employed variations of this stimulation technique. The only exception is a study by Buwalda and van der Steen (1979), who employed a standing wave controlled by pairs of opposing sound projectors to investigate the directionality of saccular microphonic potentials in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). This stimulation technique is described in detail by Buwalda (1981).…”

Orientation to Auditory and Lateral Line Stimuli

“…Stimulation of the otolith organs via the swimbladder is likely to be identical for symmetrical parts of the two ears, and also independent of sound direction. In agreement with this notion, Buwalda and van der Steen (1979) observed that whereas the saccular microphonic responses in Atlantic cod showed a cosine relationship to the axis of particle motion in a standing wave with a high ratio between particle motion and pressure, the responses became omnidirectional when this ratio was inverted. However, the incident particle motion input to the otolith organs will generate different responses in symmetrical elements of the ears (except for sources in the midsagittal plane).…”

“…Nearly all later neurophysiological studies of directional hearing in fish have employed variations of this stimulation technique. The only exception is a study by Buwalda and van der Steen (1979), who employed a standing wave controlled by pairs of opposing sound projectors to investigate the directionality of saccular microphonic potentials in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). This stimulation technique is described in detail by Buwalda (1981).…”

The mechanism for directional hearing in fish

“…What cues are available to fish that might enable directional hearing? Fish have two distinct peripheral auditory pathways 31 , 32 . First, otolithic end organs of the inner ear, in addition to their vestibular function, also act as particle motion sensors for nanometre to micrometre displacements.…”

Discrimination of sounds based on the phase difference between particle motion and acoustic pressure in the shark Chiloscyllium griseum

“…Most of the experimental evidence for this model stems from the cod (Gadus morhua L.). The local particle acceleration a(t) at the position of the fish forms the vector input to the ears (Buwalda & Van der Steen 1979) and the local acoustic pressure, a scalar quantity p(t), forces the swim bladder to pulsate (Sand & Hawkins 1973), resulting in an efficient labyrinth stimulation (Sand & Enger 1973) which is thus indirect. Cod can discriminate between sounds coming from various opposing directions on the basis of a phase analysis between a(t) and ) (Buwalda et al 1983).…”

Orientation to Auditory and Lateral Line Stimuli

“…Stimulation of the otolith organs via the swimbladder is likely to be identical for symmetrical parts of the two ears, and also independent of sound direction. In agreement with this notion, Buwalda and van der Steen (1979) observed that whereas the saccular microphonic responses in Atlantic cod showed a cosine relationship to the axis of particle motion in a standing wave with a high ratio between particle motion and pressure, the responses became omnidirectional when this ratio was inverted. However, the incident particle motion input to the otolith organs will generate different responses in symmetrical elements of the ears (except for sources in the midsagittal plane).…”

“…Nearly all later neurophysiological studies of directional hearing in fish have employed variations of this stimulation technique. The only exception is a study by Buwalda and van der Steen (1979), who employed a standing wave controlled by pairs of opposing sound projectors to investigate the directionality of saccular microphonic potentials in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). This stimulation technique is described in detail by Buwalda (1981).…”

The mechanism for directional hearing in fish

“…What cues are available to fish that might enable directional hearing? Fish have two distinct peripheral auditory pathways 31 , 32 . First, otolithic end organs of the inner ear, in addition to their vestibular function, also act as particle motion sensors for nanometre to micrometre displacements.…”

Discrimination of sounds based on the phase difference between particle motion and acoustic pressure in the shark Chiloscyllium griseum

“…Most of the experimental evidence for this model stems from the cod (Gadus morhua L.). The local particle acceleration a(t) at the position of the fish forms the vector input to the ears (Buwalda & Van der Steen 1979) and the local acoustic pressure, a scalar quantity p(t), forces the swim bladder to pulsate (Sand & Hawkins 1973), resulting in an efficient labyrinth stimulation (Sand & Enger 1973) which is thus indirect. Cod can discriminate between sounds coming from various opposing directions on the basis of a phase analysis between a(t) and ) (Buwalda et al 1983).…”

Orientation to Auditory and Lateral Line Stimuli

“…Stimulation of the otolith organs via the swimbladder is likely to be identical for symmetrical parts of the two ears, and also independent of sound direction. In agreement with this notion, Buwalda and van der Steen (1979) observed that whereas the saccular microphonic responses in Atlantic cod showed a cosine relationship to the axis of particle motion in a standing wave with a high ratio between particle motion and pressure, the responses became omnidirectional when this ratio was inverted. However, the incident particle motion input to the otolith organs will generate different responses in symmetrical elements of the ears (except for sources in the midsagittal plane).…”

“…Nearly all later neurophysiological studies of directional hearing in fish have employed variations of this stimulation technique. The only exception is a study by Buwalda and van der Steen (1979), who employed a standing wave controlled by pairs of opposing sound projectors to investigate the directionality of saccular microphonic potentials in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). This stimulation technique is described in detail by Buwalda (1981).…”

The mechanism for directional hearing in fish

“…What cues are available to fish that might enable directional hearing? Fish have two distinct peripheral auditory pathways 31 , 32 . First, otolithic end organs of the inner ear, in addition to their vestibular function, also act as particle motion sensors for nanometre to micrometre displacements.…”

Discrimination of sounds based on the phase difference between particle motion and acoustic pressure in the shark Chiloscyllium griseum

“…Most of the experimental evidence for this model stems from the cod (Gadus morhua L.). The local particle acceleration a(t) at the position of the fish forms the vector input to the ears (Buwalda & Van der Steen 1979) and the local acoustic pressure, a scalar quantity p(t), forces the swim bladder to pulsate (Sand & Hawkins 1973), resulting in an efficient labyrinth stimulation (Sand & Enger 1973) which is thus indirect. Cod can discriminate between sounds coming from various opposing directions on the basis of a phase analysis between a(t) and ) (Buwalda et al 1983).…”