The Rubrospinal Tracts in the Monkey

Anatomy of the Descending Pathways

“…This is in keeping with anterograde amino acid transport (174) and with anterograde degeneration findings (739). Retrograde and anterograde degeneration findings in monkey and opossum (337, 448, 481, 562) indicate that the same holds true in these animals, except that in monkey the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are almost exclusively derived from the parvocellular part of the nucleus. Antidromic electrical stimulation data (12) in cat indicate further that some of the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are collaterals of rubrospinal fibers.…”

“…The origin of descending rubral fibers may be concluded from antidromic electrical stimulation findings in cat (12) as well as from retrograde degeneration and transport findings in rat (249, 499), cat (381, 566), opossum (448), monkey (65, 106, 337, 349, 380, 562, 648), and human being (658). These findings indicate that the crossed rubrospinal fibers are mainly derived from neurons in the caudal part of the red nucleus.…”

Anatomy of the Descending Pathways

“…This is in keeping with anterograde amino acid transport (174) and with anterograde degeneration findings (739). Retrograde and anterograde degeneration findings in monkey and opossum (337, 448, 481, 562) indicate that the same holds true in these animals, except that in monkey the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are almost exclusively derived from the parvocellular part of the nucleus. Antidromic electrical stimulation data (12) in cat indicate further that some of the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are collaterals of rubrospinal fibers.…”

“…The origin of descending rubral fibers may be concluded from antidromic electrical stimulation findings in cat (12) as well as from retrograde degeneration and transport findings in rat (249, 499), cat (381, 566), opossum (448), monkey (65, 106, 337, 349, 380, 562, 648), and human being (658). These findings indicate that the crossed rubrospinal fibers are mainly derived from neurons in the caudal part of the red nucleus.…”

Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences

“…Earlier experiments suggested that a lesion damaging the RST, which has a facilitatory effect on flexor muscles, may cause the extension of the upper limbs in decerebrate rigidity, while damage in cortico-rubral tracts, and the following disinhibition of the RN, are likely to account for the flexor response in decorticate rigidity (Rademaker 1931 ). However, this view has been challenged by different early experiments which failed to replicate flexor or extensor rigidity after ablation, stimulation or lesion of the RN (Ranson and Hinsey 1929b ; Ingram and Ranson 1932 ; Ingram et al 1932 ; Keller 1934 ); moreover, additional experimental studies on the decerebrate animal suggest that extensor rigidity may rather emerge from lesions in the pontine and bulbar reticular formation (Ward 1947 ).…”

Anatomy of the Descending Pathways

“…This is in keeping with anterograde amino acid transport (174) and with anterograde degeneration findings (739). Retrograde and anterograde degeneration findings in monkey and opossum (337, 448, 481, 562) indicate that the same holds true in these animals, except that in monkey the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are almost exclusively derived from the parvocellular part of the nucleus. Antidromic electrical stimulation data (12) in cat indicate further that some of the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are collaterals of rubrospinal fibers.…”

“…The origin of descending rubral fibers may be concluded from antidromic electrical stimulation findings in cat (12) as well as from retrograde degeneration and transport findings in rat (249, 499), cat (381, 566), opossum (448), monkey (65, 106, 337, 349, 380, 562, 648), and human being (658). These findings indicate that the crossed rubrospinal fibers are mainly derived from neurons in the caudal part of the red nucleus.…”

Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences

“…Earlier experiments suggested that a lesion damaging the RST, which has a facilitatory effect on flexor muscles, may cause the extension of the upper limbs in decerebrate rigidity, while damage in cortico-rubral tracts, and the following disinhibition of the RN, are likely to account for the flexor response in decorticate rigidity (Rademaker 1931 ). However, this view has been challenged by different early experiments which failed to replicate flexor or extensor rigidity after ablation, stimulation or lesion of the RN (Ranson and Hinsey 1929b ; Ingram and Ranson 1932 ; Ingram et al 1932 ; Keller 1934 ); moreover, additional experimental studies on the decerebrate animal suggest that extensor rigidity may rather emerge from lesions in the pontine and bulbar reticular formation (Ward 1947 ).…”

Anatomy of the Descending Pathways

“…This is in keeping with anterograde amino acid transport (174) and with anterograde degeneration findings (739). Retrograde and anterograde degeneration findings in monkey and opossum (337, 448, 481, 562) indicate that the same holds true in these animals, except that in monkey the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are almost exclusively derived from the parvocellular part of the nucleus. Antidromic electrical stimulation data (12) in cat indicate further that some of the ipsilateral rubromedullary fibers are collaterals of rubrospinal fibers.…”

“…The origin of descending rubral fibers may be concluded from antidromic electrical stimulation findings in cat (12) as well as from retrograde degeneration and transport findings in rat (249, 499), cat (381, 566), opossum (448), monkey (65, 106, 337, 349, 380, 562, 648), and human being (658). These findings indicate that the crossed rubrospinal fibers are mainly derived from neurons in the caudal part of the red nucleus.…”

Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences

“…Earlier experiments suggested that a lesion damaging the RST, which has a facilitatory effect on flexor muscles, may cause the extension of the upper limbs in decerebrate rigidity, while damage in cortico-rubral tracts, and the following disinhibition of the RN, are likely to account for the flexor response in decorticate rigidity (Rademaker 1931 ). However, this view has been challenged by different early experiments which failed to replicate flexor or extensor rigidity after ablation, stimulation or lesion of the RN (Ranson and Hinsey 1929b ; Ingram and Ranson 1932 ; Ingram et al 1932 ; Keller 1934 ); moreover, additional experimental studies on the decerebrate animal suggest that extensor rigidity may rather emerge from lesions in the pontine and bulbar reticular formation (Ward 1947 ).…”