The Role of Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Receptor Genotypes on the Degree of Collateralization in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

We determined the association of vitamin D deficiency and the FokI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in 760 patients who underwent angiography due to suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Angiography and the Rentrop scoring system were used to classify the severity of CAD in each patient and to grade the extent of collateral development, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to determine the FokI VDR gene polymorphism. The prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL) was significantly higher in patients with at least one stenotic coronary artery compared to those without any stenotic coronary arteries. Severe vitamin D deficiency was not independently associated with collateralization, but it was significantly associated with the VDR genotypes. In turn, VDR genotype was independently associated with the degree of collateralization; the Rentrop scores were the highest in FF, intermediate in Ff, and the lowest in the ff genotype. The results show that FokI polymorphism is independently associated with collateralization. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent in patients with CAD that may result from FokI polymorphism. Therefore, maintaining a normal vitamin D status should be a high priority for patients with CAD.

Common Variants of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of the 272 excluded studies, 44 were duplicate publications; 196 were not relevant to VDR gene polymorphisms and CAD risk; 12 were reviews, editorials, or comments; 4 were case reports; 5 were studies that reported on the association between other polymorphisms of the VDR gene and CAD risk; 4 were on patients with diabetes or kidney disorders; 2 were studies without any control group; and 8 were other irrelevant articles. A total of 8 relevant studies (cases, 5,259; controls, 1,981) were finally included based on the inclusion criteria for CAD susceptibility related to the Fok I, Bsm I, Taq I, and Apa I polymorphisms [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. Of these, 7 studies were performed in Caucasians [24,25,26,27,29,30,32], and 2 studies [28,31] were performed in East-Asians.…”

“…There were 6 studies [26,27,28,29,31,32] with 2,823 cases and 1,072 controls concerning the Fok I polymorphism and CAD risk; among them, 4 studies were performed in Caucasians [26,27,29,32], and 2 studies were performed in East-Asians [28,31] (Tables 1, 2). For this polymorphism, the studies by O'Halloran et al [27] and Abu el Maaty et al [32] deviated from HWE.…”

Association of vitamin D receptor gene BsmI B/b and FokI F/f polymorphisms with adult dermatomyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus

“…Thus, it was suggested that the F variant is more effective than the f variant as a transcription factor. Individuals carrying the Ff and ff genotype had significantly lower concentrations of vitamin D compared to patients with the FF genotype …”

Diminished 25‐OH vitamin D3 levels and vitamin D receptor variants are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes with coronary artery diseases

“…Several studies have been executed in different populations to decipher the role of VDR polymorphisms in T2D [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and CAD. [40][41][42][43][44][45] To the best of our knowledge, studies on the importance of vitamin D or VDR polymorphisms in T2D patients with CAD are lacking. In the present study, we enrolled patients with T2D from the Chinese cohort and investigated the importance of vitamin D and VDR in patients with T2D concerning CAD.…”