The Role of the Hadron-Quark Phase Transition in Core-Collapse Supernovae

Abstract

The hadron-quark phase transition in quantum chromodyanmics has been suggested as an alternative explosion mechanism for core-collapse supernovae. We study the impact of three different hadron-quark equations of state (EoS) with first-order (DD2F, STOF-B145) and second-order (CMF) phase transitions on supernova dynamics by performing 97 simulations for solarand zero-metallicity progenitors in the range of 14-100 M . We find explosions only for two low-compactness models (14M and 16 M ) with the DD2F EoS, both with low explosion energies of ∼10 50 erg. These weak explosions are characterised by a neutrino signal with several mini-bursts in the explosion phase due to complex reverse shock dynamics, in addition to the typical second neutrino burst for phase-transition driven explosions. The nucleosynthesis shows significant overproduction of nuclei such as 90 Zr for the 14 M zero-metallicity model and 94 Zr for the 16 M solar-metallicity model, but the overproduction factors are not large enough to place constraints on the occurrence of such explosions. Several other low-compactness models using the DD2F EoS and two high-compactness models using the STOS EoS end up as failed explosions and emit a second neutrino burst. For the CMF EoS, the phase transition never leads to a second bounce and explosion. For all three EoS, inverted convection occurs deep in the core of the proto-compact star due to anomalous behaviour of thermodynamic derivatives in the mixed phase, which heats the core to entropies up to 4𝑘 B /baryon and may have a distinctive gravitational wave signature, also for a second-order phase transition.

Effects of a phase transition on two-pion interferometry in heavy ion collisions at $$\sqrt {{s_{{\rm{NN}}}}} = 2.4 - 7.7\,\,{\rm{GeV}}$$

“…A detailed description of the CMF model and applications to the exploration of HICs can be found in refs. [19,48,[74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. Further studies have shown how this formalism can be extended to include a phase transition at high densities [49].…”