The Role of Social Norm in Acceptability Attitude of Women Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Punjab, Pakistan

Nadeem, Muhammad Arif; Malik, Muhammad Irfan

doi:10.1177/0886260519889942

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…At times, such behaviour is also justified on religious grounds [ 28 ]. It is consistent with a study of Pakistan which shows that intimate partner violence is considered as a private matter and usually a justifiable response to misbehaviour on the part of the wife [ 29 , 30 ]. Interestingly men are less likely to justify wife beating as compared to women in Pakistan [ 24 ] and women are considered wise if they remain obedient in tough situation particularly during inter-familial conflicts in rural areas [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Do empowered women receive better quality antenatal care in Pakistan? An analysis of demographic and health survey data

2022

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Introduction Quality antenatal care is a window of opportunity for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. Numerous studies have shown a positive effect of women empowerment on improved coverage of maternal and reproductive health services, including antenatal care (ANC). However, there is scarce evidence on the association between women’s empowerment and improved ANC services both in terms of coverage and quality. Addressing this gap, this paper examines the relationship between multi-dimensional measures of women empowerment on utilization of quality ANC (service coverage and consultation) in Pakistan. Methods We used Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 (PDHS) data which comprises of 6,602 currently married women aged between 15–49 years who had a live birth in the past five years preceding the survey. Our exposure variables were three-dimensional measures of women empowerment (social independence, decision making, and attitude towards domestic violence), and our outcome variables were quality of antenatal coverage [i.e. a composite binary measure based on skilled ANC (trained professional), timeliness (1st ANC visit during first trimester), sufficiency of ANC visits (4 or more)] and quality of ANC consultation (i.e. receiving at least 7 or more essential antenatal components out of 8). Data were analysed in Stata 16.0 software. Descriptive statistics were used to describe sample characteristics and binary logistic regression was employed to assess the association between empowerment and quality of antenatal care. Results We found that 41.4% of the women received quality ANC coverage and 30.6% received quality ANC consultations during pregnancy. After controlling for a number of socio-economic and demographic factors, all three measures of women’s empowerment independently showed a positive relationship with both outcomes. Women with high autonomy (i.e. strongly opposed the notion of violence) in the domain of attitude to violence are 1.66 (95% CI 1.30–2.10) and 1.45 (95% CI 1.19–1.75) and times more likely to receive antenatal coverage and quality ANC consultations respectively, compared with women who ranked low on attitude to violence. Women who enjoy high social independence had 1.87 (95% CI 1.44–2.43) and 2.78 (95% CI 2.04–3.79) higher odds of quality antenatal coverage and consultations respectively, as compared with their counterparts. Similarly, women who had high autonomy in household decision making 1.98 (95% CI 1.60–2.44) and 1.56 (95% CI 2.17–1.91) were more likely to receive quality antenatal coverage and consultation respectively, as compared to women who possess low autonomy in household decision making. Conclusion The quality of ANC coverage and consultation with service provider is considerably low in Pakistan. Women’s empowerment related to social independence, gendered beliefs about violence, and decision-making have an independent positive association with the utilisation of quality antenatal care. Thus, efforts directed towards empowering women could be an effective strategy to improve utilisation of quality antenatal care in Pakistan.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Do empowered women receive better quality antenatal care in Pakistan? An analysis of demographic and health survey data

2022

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“…There was significant variation in how these items were operationalized at the individual and group levels. For example, group-level aggregates ranged from the average number of items endorsed across individuals (Jesmin, 2015, 2017; Linos et al, 2013; Nadeem & Malik, 2019; Vyas & Heise, 2016), the proportion of individuals in the group that agreed with at least one scenario (Benebo et al, 2018; Cau, 2017; Cofie, 2020; Jesmin, 2015, 2017; Yount, Roof, et al, 2018), the proportion that agreed with all statements (Mogford & Lyons, 2014), the proportion that agreed with no statements (Kadengye et al, 2019), and various cut-offs based on the proportion of individuals agreeing with at least one statement (Ahmad et al, 2019; Antai & Adaji, 2012; Sandberg et al, 2018). The remaining studies used measures of attitudes toward female autonomy, men’s controlling behavior, and equitable and inequitable gender roles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 26 studies reviewed were international in scope, with 10 studies from sub-Saharan African (Antai & Adaji, 2012;Benebo et al, 2018;Cau, 2017;Cofie, 2020;Kadengye et al, 2019;Linos et al, 2013;Mulawa et al, 2018;Sandberg et al, 2018;Vyas & Heise, 2016;Weber et al, 2019), 10 from South Asia (Ahmad et al, 2019;Clark et al, 2018;Jesmin, 2015Jesmin, , 2017Koenig et al, 2003Koenig et al, , 2006Mogford & Lyons, 2014;Nadeem & Malik, 2019;Yount, James-Hawkins, et al, 2018;Yount, Roof, et al, 2018), one from East Asia (Kim & Emery, 2003), two from the Middle East and North African region (McCleary-Sills, 2013;Schuster et al, 2019), two from North America and western Europe (Beckmann et al, 2019;Copp et al, 2019), and one from Latin America (Shakya et al, 2016; see Table 1). Ever-partnered women aged 15-49 or 18-49 were the most studied population, with more than half of studies assessing outcomes among this population.…”

Section: Overview Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Norms Sustaining Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of Methodologies for Proxy Measures

Seff

2021

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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In light of the many robust quantitative data sets that include information on attitudes and behaviors related to intimate partner violence (IPV), and in an effort to expand the evidence base around social norms and IPV, many researchers construct proxy measures of norms within and across groups embedded in the data. While this strategy has become increasingly popular, there is no standardized approach for assessing and constructing these norm proxies, and no review of these approaches has been undertaken to date. This study presents the results of a systematic review of methods used to construct quantitative proxy measures for social norms related to IPV. PubMed, Embase, Popline, and Scopus, and PsycINFO were searched using Boolean search techniques. Inclusion criteria comprised studies published since 2000 in English that either (i) examined a norm proxy related to gender or IPV or (ii) analyzed the relationship between a norm proxy and perpetration of, experiences of, or attitudes toward IPV. Studies that employed qualitative methods or that elicited direct measures of descriptive or injunctive norms were not included. Twenty-six studies were eligible for review. Evidence from this review highlights inconsistencies in how proxies are constructed, how they are assessed to ensure valid representation of norms, and how researchers acknowledge their respective method’s limitations. Key processes and reflections employed by some of the studies are identified and recommended for future research inquiries.

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“…While men may feel driven to demonstrate this power to both men and women, patriarchal societies’ deference to men and men’s opinions likely compels men to prioritize and internalize other men’s—as opposed to women’s—attitudes around masculinity and IPV. As such, this study highlights the importance of collecting and using attitudinal data from men, a practice that is not always prioritized when administering surveys related to IPV (Jesmin, 2015; Nadeem & Malik, 2019). In fact, BLINDED’s recent review of studies using norm proxies around IPV found that half of the included studies used reference groups comprised only of women (Seff, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Proxies for Social Norms: A Proposed Approach for Interrogating Clustering, Reference Groups, and Validity

Seff

Cislaghi

Levtov³

et al. 2022

J Interpers Violence

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A growing number of researchers studying intimate partner violence (IPV) employ aggregate measures of relevant attitudes to serve as proxy measures for norms around IPV. However, there is a lack of consistency in how these measures are constructed and how their validity is confirmed. The first aim of this study is to demonstrate and validate innovative techniques for exploring social norms proxies in quantitative data and identifying the relative appropriateness of different available reference groups. The second aim is to demonstrate how such an approach can contribute to IPV research. The analysis employed data from the 2016 Tanzania International Men and Gender Equality Survey, including 1008 men and 1008 women ages 15–49 years. An attitudinal score measuring acceptance of IPV and two measures for individual-level descriptive and injunctive norms were constructed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the extent of clustering for the attitudinal score within several sets of groupings. Bivariate multi-level Ordinary Least Squares regressions estimated the predictive effect of an individual’s group norm proxy on their descriptive or injunctive norms. Attitudinal clustering was most significant for reference groups defined as males only across villages and males only across a combination of villages and marital status, with ICCs of 0.229 and 0.236, respectively. Men’s social norms were found to be correlated with reference groups comprised of both men only and women only, though men’s norms were substantially more correlated with the attitudes of men in their reference group than with women’s. Results highlight the importance of critically examining the validity of proxy measures for social norms prior to their inclusion in analysis. Findings also underscore the importance of collecting attitudinal data from men to better understand norms around IPV.

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The Role of Social Norm in Acceptability Attitude of Women Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 13 publications

References 55 publications

Do empowered women receive better quality antenatal care in Pakistan? An analysis of demographic and health survey data

Do empowered women receive better quality antenatal care in Pakistan? An analysis of demographic and health survey data

Social Norms Sustaining Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of Methodologies for Proxy Measures

Quantitative Proxies for Social Norms: A Proposed Approach for Interrogating Clustering, Reference Groups, and Validity

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