The Role of MMP-9 and MMP-9 Inhibition in Different Types of Thyroid Carcinoma

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), one of the most investigated and studied biomarkers of the MMPs family, is a zinc-dependent proteolytic metalloenzyme whose primary function is degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). It has been proved that MMP-9 expression elevates in multiple pathological conditions, including thyroid carcinoma. MMP-9 has a detectable higher level in malignant or metastatic thyroid tumor tissues than in normal or benign tissues and acts as an additional marker to distinguish different tumor stages because of its close correlations with clinical features, such as lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, tumor size and so on. Natural and non-natural MMP-9 inhibitors suppress its expression, block the progression of diseases, and play a role in therapy consequently. MMP-9 inhibitory molecules also assist in treating thyroid tumors by suppressing the proliferation, invasion, migration, metastasis, viability, adhesion, motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and other risk factors of different thyroid cancer cells. In a word, discovering and designing MMP-9 inhibitors provide great therapeutic effects and promising clinical values in various types of thyroid carcinoma.

Hawthorn Proanthocyanidin Extract Inhibits Colorectal Carcinoma Metastasis by Targeting the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

“…These targets may be attributed to the fundamental therapeutic effects of HPOE in CRC. Among these, MMP-9, known for degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a crucial role in cancer cell migration [38].…”

Endothelin-1 in Health and Disease

“…An exposure to diesel exhaust at a dose of 100 µg/m 3 was found to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of both ET-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) [105]. Upon ET A receptor activation, MMP-9 levels increase and, since MMP-9 can degrade the extracellular matrix [140], the dysregulation of MMP-9 activity may contribute to the pathological changes observed in the vasculature. MMP-9 has also been identified as a biomarker of the early stages of coronary heart disease [141].…”

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/microRNA-145 Ratio: Bridging Genomic and Immunological Variabilities in Thyroid Cancer

“…Several studies have examined the associations between MMP9 expression levels and clinicopathological parameters reflective of TC progression and prognosis (Table 6) [23,[61][62][63][64]73,77,78]. Higher MMP9 expression has been consistently associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis compared to PTC without metastasis in multiple studies [21,22,62,65,67,79,80].…”

“…Non-natural inhibitors, including valproic acid, sevoflurane, and celecoxib, have also been shown to reduce MMP9 levels and inhibit thyroid cancer progression. Additionally, other therapeutic approaches, such as non-thermal plasma, have been found to inhibit MMP9 activity and metastasis [23].…”

“…Its overexpression has been frequently observed in cancer, suggesting its association with invasiveness [21]. Additionally, the interaction of MMP9 with other signaling pathways and its involvement in the tumor microenvironment further complicates its role in TC [20,22,23].…”