The role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers: A review

Far, Bahareh Farasati; Vakili, Kimia; Fathi, Mobina; Yaghoobpoor, Shirin; Bhia, Mohammed; Jamal, Mohammad Reza Naimi

doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121340

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…NPs can also deliver genes or small Ribonucleic acid (RNA) to the brain. 49 This could be used to treat genetic disorders or to reprogram brain cells to treat neurological disorders. Overall, NPs are a compelling tool for overcoming the BBB and delivering drugs to the brain.…”

Section: Nanoparticles: Overcoming the Blood−brain Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Curcumin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanomedicine as Efficient Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer’s Diseases

Far,

Safaei,

Pourmolaei

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition currently with 47 million people suffering from it globally. AD might have many reasons such as genetic issues, environmental factors, and Aβ accumulation, which is the biomarker of the disease. Since the primary reason is unknown, there is no targeted treatment at the moment, but ongoing research aims to slow its progression by managing amyloid-beta peptide production rather than symptomatic improvement. Since phytochemicals have been demonstrated to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, they may target multiple pathological factors and can reduce the risk of the disease. Curcumin, as a phytochemical found in turmeric known for its antioxidant, free radical scavenging properties, and as an antiamyloid in treating AD, has come under investigation. Although its low bioavailability limits its efficacy, a prominent drug delivery system (DDS) is desired to overcome it. Hence, the potency of lipid-based nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin (LNPs-CUR) is considered in this study as a promising DDS. In vivo studies in animal models indicate LNPs-CUR effectively slow amyloid plaque formation, leading to cognitive enhancement and reduced toxicity compared to free CUR. However, a deeper understanding of CUR's pharmacokinetics and safety profile is crucial before LNPs-CUR can be considered as a medicine. Future investigations may explore the combination of NPs with other therapeutic agents to increase their efficacy in AD cases. This review provides the current position of CUR in the AD therapy paradigm, the DDS suggestions for CUR, and the previous research from the point of analytical view focused on the advantages and challenges.

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Section: Nanoparticles: Overcoming the Blood−brain Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Curcumin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanomedicine as Efficient Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer’s Diseases

Far,

Safaei,

Pourmolaei

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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“…In cancer, excessive cell proliferation is observed, which is associated, among others, with the overexpression of oncogenic microRNAs, such as miR-21. Its upregulation negatively affects the expression of tumor suppressors, such as PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog), SMAD7 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog), PDCD4 (programmed cell death 4), or KRAS , which are involved in the essential pathways connected with the regulation of the proliferation, growth, and transformation of epithelial cells [ 63 ]. Another microRNA related with increased cell proliferation is miR-424-5p, whose up-expression was observed in pancreatic cancer, evoked the decreases in SOC6 (suppressor of cytokine signaling) protein levels and increased ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway activity [ 64 ].…”

Section: Microrna—an Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…miR-124 regulates the expression of the RAC1 (Rac family small GTPase 1) oncogene and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. However, it has been shown that in pancreatic cancer reduced expression of miR-124 interferes with this process, and it was associated with a poor survival among patients with pancreatic cancer [ 63 ]. In turn, the decreased expression of miR-203 leads to the transition to the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and consequently increases the proliferation of the cancer cells [ 66 ].…”

Section: Microrna—an Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs—New Players for Diagnosis and Therapy?

Kozłowska

Śliwińska

2023

IJMS

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Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Recent studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of pancreatic cancer and diabetes-associated microRNAs, and their potential in diagnosis and therapy. miR-96, miR-124, miR-21, and miR-10a were identified as promising biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer prediction. miR-26a, miR-101, and miR-200b carry therapeutic potential, as they not only regulate significant biological pathways, including the TGF-β and PI3K/AKT, but their re-expression contributes to the improvement of the prognosis by reducing invasiveness or chemoresistance. In diabetes, there are also changes in the expression of microRNAs, such as in miR-145, miR-29c, and miR-143. These microRNAs are involved, among others, in insulin signaling, including IRS-1 and AKT (miR-145), glucose homeostasis (hsa-miR-21), and glucose reuptake and gluconeogenesis (miR-29c). Although, changes in the expression of the same microRNAs are observed in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes, they exert different molecular effects. For example, miR-181a is upregulated in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus, but in diabetes it contributes to insulin resistance, whereas in pancreatic cancer it promotes tumor cell migration, respectively. To conclude, dysregulated microRNAs in diabetes affect crucial cellular processes that are involved in pancreatic cancer development and progression.

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“…Our previous research found that several miRNAs played an important role in the occurrence of Gem chemotherapy resistance, especially microRNA-21 (miR-21), a high-expressed miRNA in PDAC [15]. miR-21 is vital to the physiological processes of cell growth and metabolism, especially in the processes of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis in pancreatic cancer [16,17]. miR-21, in a majority of pancreatic cancer patients with poor survival outcomes, is overexpressed, which makes regulation targeting miR-21 a potential therapeutic approach [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tumor microenvironment-stimuli responsive nano-prodrug for overcoming gemcitabine chemoresistance by co-delivered miRNA-21 modulator

Zhang¹,

Yao

Jin³

et al. 2023

Biomed. Mater.

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Gemcitabine (Gem) has been recommended as a first-line clinical chemotherapeutics for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treatment. Gem treatment could generate chemoresistance associated with abnormal expressions of multiple miRNAs. In the PDAC setting, miRNA-21 (miR-21) overexpression is an important contributing factor of inducing Gem chemoresistance. Inhibition of miR-21 can significantly increase Gem chemosensitivity, which requires an efficient delivery platform to conduct combinational Gem and miR-21 siRNA (miR-21i) therapy. Herein, we synthesized a tumor microenvironment (TME)-stimuli responsive poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAE)-based polymer nanoprodrug (miR-21i@HA-Gem-SS-P12) that could co-deliver miR-21 siRNA and Gem. The disulfide linkages conjugating GEM onto PBAE can be triggered by elevated reduction stimulus in TME to release the cargo Gem. The hyaluronic acid (HA) fabrication further improved the drug accumulation at the tumor site. Benefiting from the multiple functional improvements and synergism between Gem and miR-21i, the miR-21i@HA-Gem-SS-P12 nanoprodrugs displayed superior tumor inhibition in PDAC in vitro and in vivo. This study established an effective stimuli-responsive nanoprodrug strategy for cooperative treatment with small molecule agents and nucleotide modulators in PDAC.

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The role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers: A review

Cited by 32 publications

References 170 publications

Exploring Curcumin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanomedicine as Efficient Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer’s Diseases

Exploring Curcumin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanomedicine as Efficient Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer’s Diseases

The Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs—New Players for Diagnosis and Therapy?

A tumor microenvironment-stimuli responsive nano-prodrug for overcoming gemcitabine chemoresistance by co-delivered miRNA-21 modulator

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