The Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Blagov, Alexander V.; Markin, Alexander M.; Bogatyreva, A.; Tolstik, Taisiya V.; Sukhorukov, Vasily N.; Orekhov, Alexander N.

doi:10.3390/cells12040522

Cited by 42 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Dyslipidemia is characterized by impaired lipid metabolism, leading to an increase in LDL cholesterol and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). This leads to the accumulation of LDL cholesterol in the arterial walls, where it is oxidized and taken up by macrophages to form foam cells that are involved in plaque formation [ 36 ]. In addition to these systemic risk factors, local hemodynamic disturbances contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions in certain arterial areas [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Atherogenic Factors on Endothelial Cells: Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways

Kotlyarov

2023

Biomedicines

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(1) Background: Atherosclerosis is a serious medical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It develops over many years as a complex chain of events in the vascular wall involving various cells and is influenced by many factors of clinical interest. (2) Methods: In this study, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to investigate the gene ontology of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in endothelial cells exposed to atherogenic factors such as tobacco smoking, oscillatory shear, and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). DEGs were identified using the limma R package, and gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. (3) Results: We studied biological processes and signaling pathways involving DEGs in endothelial cells under the influence of atherogenic factors. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were mainly involved in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, innate immune response, lipid biosynthetic process, 5-lipoxygenase activity, and nitric-oxide synthase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that common pathways included tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, lipoprotein particle binding, and apoptosis. (4) Conclusions: Atherogenic factors such as smoking, impaired flow, and oxLDL contribute to impaired innate immune response, metabolism, and apoptosis in endothelial cells, potentially leading to the development of atherosclerosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Atherogenic Factors on Endothelial Cells: Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways

Kotlyarov

2023

Biomedicines

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“…However, it is of note that other studies found that both M1ϕ/M2ϕ phenotypes could markedly upregulate CD38 + CD23 + in disease, which can prime DCs and naïve T cells [ 254 ]. Moreover, it was clarified by gene protein analysis that differential M1ϕ or M2ϕ polarization could be induced in vitro with M1ϕ expressing IL-6, TLR4, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, while M2ϕ expressed CD206, CCL17, and CCL22 (with gene markers STAT6, IRF4) [ 233 , 255 ]. This was an interesting finding, as TLR4 is historically activated by bacterial antigens, while CCL17 and CCL22 seem to be relevant as DC and Mϕ chemokines.…”

Section: Inflammatory Cells and Phagocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

Brown¹,

Ojha²,

Fricke³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.

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“…Macrophages can polarize to two phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 macrophages exacerbate the inflammatory response, and M2 macrophages are involved in the resolution of inflammation [68]. In a mouse model of diabetes with atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, empagliflozin decreased the proliferation of plaque-resident macrophages and reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaques [69].…”

Section: Sglt2i Attenuate Vascular Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into SGLT2 inhibitor treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy: focus on the mechanisms

Huang

Luo

Liao

et al. 2023

Cardiovasc Diabetol

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Among the complications of diabetes, cardiovascular events and cardiac insufficiency are considered two of the most important causes of death. Experimental and clinical evidence supports the effectiveness of SGLT2i for improving cardiac dysfunction. SGLT2i treatment benefits metabolism, microcirculation, mitochondrial function, fibrosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, programmed cell death, autophagy, and the intestinal flora, which are involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of SGLT2i for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Graphical Abstract

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The Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Cited by 42 publications

References 75 publications

Effects of Atherogenic Factors on Endothelial Cells: Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways

Effects of Atherogenic Factors on Endothelial Cells: Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

Insights into SGLT2 inhibitor treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy: focus on the mechanisms

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