The Role of Dimorphism Regulating Histidine Kinase (Drk1) in the Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Cell Wall

Abstract

Dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an endemic disease in Latin America with a high incidence in Brazil. This pathogen presents as infective mycelium at 25 °C in the soil, reverting to its pathogenic form when inhaled by the mammalian host (37 °C). Among these dimorphic fungal species, dimorphism regulating histidine kinase (Drk1) plays an essential role in the morphological transition. These kinases are present in bacteria and fungi but absent in mammalian cells and are important virulence and cellular survival regulators. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PbDrk1 in the cell wall modulation of P. brasiliensis. We observed that PbDrk1 participates in fungal resistance to different cell wall-disturbing agents by reducing viability after treatment with iDrk1. To verify the role of PbDRK1 in cell wall morphogenesis, qPCR results showed that samples previously exposed to iDrk1 presented higher expression levels of several genes related to cell wall modulation. One of them was FKS1, a β-glucan synthase that showed a 3.6-fold increase. Furthermore, confocal microscopy analysis and flow cytometry showed higher β-glucan exposure on the cell surface of P. brasiliensis after incubation with iDrk1. Accordingly, through phagocytosis assays, a significantly higher phagocytic index was observed in yeasts treated with iDrk1 than the control group, demonstrating the role of PbDrk1 in cell wall modulation, which then becomes a relevant target to be investigated. In parallel, the immune response profile showed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, our data strongly suggest that PbDrk1 modulates cell wall component expression, among which we can identify β-glucan. Understanding this signalling pathway may be of great value for identifying targets of antifungal molecular activity since HKs are not present in mammals.

Special Issue “The Fungal Cell Wall Integrity Pathway”

“…Finally, two contributions reflect how evolution, using conserved elements, has shaped signaling pathways in fungi. In this line, the work of Navarro et al shows that the dimorphism-regulating histidine kinase (Drk1) of the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis plays an important role in cell wall homeostasis, in contrast to the involvement of histidine kinases in the response to high osmolarity in S. cerevisiae [ 21 ]. In turn, Gomez-Gil et al investigate the architecture and functionality of the CWI pathway (CIP pathway) of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus [ 22 ].…”