“…While missionary presence, both male and female, grew in education, always seen as an essential channel for progress in social and health development, it also appeared to fit into a context that asserted an Orientalist understanding of the Middle East.17 Indeed, the status of female missionaries recalls that of women travellers in the Middle East between the 17th and 19th century, who enjoyed genuine freedom of movement and would intrude into local populations.18 Their journeys provided alternative readings of the lands and societies they encountered, but they highlighted above all the existence of a female Orientalism.19 Dispatching women was initially motivated by the idea that they, in contrast to men, were able to address a mixed audience. For example, in 1886, 13 Tucker (1985); Bowie (1993); Murre-van den Berg (2005); Okkenhaug (2011). 14 Midgley (2006).…”