The Retraction Syndrome and Trauma

Endoscopic Endonasal Management of Medial Orbital Blowout Fractures

“…Medial orbital blowout fractures not involving the inferior wall were once considered rare. 7 The gradual increase in frequency since Miller and Glaser 8 reported the first case in 1966 is due to the development and widespread use of CT. Burm et al, 9 Nam et al, 10 and Jin et al 4 reported that MOBFs composed 54.9%, 41.7%, and 33.3% of all blowout fracture cases operated on, respectively. In our study, 23 of the 120 (19.2%) cases presented with MOBFs.…”

Endoscopic Endonasal Management of Medial Orbital Blowout Fractures

“…Medial orbital blowout fractures not involving the inferior wall were once considered rare. 7 The gradual increase in frequency since Miller and Glaser 8 reported the first case in 1966 is due to the development and widespread use of CT. Burm et al, 9 Nam et al, 10 and Jin et al 4 reported that MOBFs composed 54.9%, 41.7%, and 33.3% of all blowout fracture cases operated on, respectively. In our study, 23 of the 120 (19.2%) cases presented with MOBFs.…”

Medial Wall Fracture: An Update

“…[1][2][3][4] However, isolated fractures of the medial orbital wall are an uncommon occurrence and are oftentimes asymptomatic. Although the indications for management of orbital floor fractures have been extensively discussed, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] isolated medial wall fractures have received less attention in the published literature.…”

“…If there is little excessively “slack” muscle present anterior to the fracture site, then restriction of the abduction will be more prominent. Patients with a tightly entrapped medial rectus in the fracture site can also demonstrate retraction of the palpebral fissure associated with their restricted lateral gaze9 due to the force generated by the lateral rectus muscle tugging against the tightly entrapped medial rectus.…”

Isolated Medial Orbital Wall Fractures With Medial Rectus Muscle Incarceration

“…Many authors advocate covering the defect in the bone with either a synthetic implant or bone graft to prevent enophthalmos and to ensure the released orbital tissue does not get re-entrapped in the fracture. 3,9,14,21,[25][26][27][28] In contrast, Rauch 2 advocates widely opening the medial orbit and performing a limited ethmoidectomy and does not believe that implants are not necessary. He states that this procedure allows drainage and decompression of edematous tissues in the sinus and that the space created is not large enough to cause enophthalmos in isolated medial wall fractures.…”

Endoscopic Endonasal Management of Medial Orbital Blowout Fractures

“…Medial orbital blowout fractures not involving the inferior wall were once considered rare. 7 The gradual increase in frequency since Miller and Glaser 8 reported the first case in 1966 is due to the development and widespread use of CT. Burm et al, 9 Nam et al, 10 and Jin et al 4 reported that MOBFs composed 54.9%, 41.7%, and 33.3% of all blowout fracture cases operated on, respectively. In our study, 23 of the 120 (19.2%) cases presented with MOBFs.…”

Medial Wall Fracture: An Update

“…[1][2][3][4] However, isolated fractures of the medial orbital wall are an uncommon occurrence and are oftentimes asymptomatic. Although the indications for management of orbital floor fractures have been extensively discussed, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] isolated medial wall fractures have received less attention in the published literature.…”

“…If there is little excessively “slack” muscle present anterior to the fracture site, then restriction of the abduction will be more prominent. Patients with a tightly entrapped medial rectus in the fracture site can also demonstrate retraction of the palpebral fissure associated with their restricted lateral gaze9 due to the force generated by the lateral rectus muscle tugging against the tightly entrapped medial rectus.…”

Isolated Medial Orbital Wall Fractures With Medial Rectus Muscle Incarceration

“…Many authors advocate covering the defect in the bone with either a synthetic implant or bone graft to prevent enophthalmos and to ensure the released orbital tissue does not get re-entrapped in the fracture. 3,9,14,21,[25][26][27][28] In contrast, Rauch 2 advocates widely opening the medial orbit and performing a limited ethmoidectomy and does not believe that implants are not necessary. He states that this procedure allows drainage and decompression of edematous tissues in the sinus and that the space created is not large enough to cause enophthalmos in isolated medial wall fractures.…”

Endoscopic Endonasal Management of Medial Orbital Blowout Fractures

“…Medial orbital blowout fractures not involving the inferior wall were once considered rare. 7 The gradual increase in frequency since Miller and Glaser 8 reported the first case in 1966 is due to the development and widespread use of CT. Burm et al, 9 Nam et al, 10 and Jin et al 4 reported that MOBFs composed 54.9%, 41.7%, and 33.3% of all blowout fracture cases operated on, respectively. In our study, 23 of the 120 (19.2%) cases presented with MOBFs.…”

Medial Wall Fracture: An Update

“…[1][2][3][4] However, isolated fractures of the medial orbital wall are an uncommon occurrence and are oftentimes asymptomatic. Although the indications for management of orbital floor fractures have been extensively discussed, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] isolated medial wall fractures have received less attention in the published literature.…”

“…If there is little excessively “slack” muscle present anterior to the fracture site, then restriction of the abduction will be more prominent. Patients with a tightly entrapped medial rectus in the fracture site can also demonstrate retraction of the palpebral fissure associated with their restricted lateral gaze9 due to the force generated by the lateral rectus muscle tugging against the tightly entrapped medial rectus.…”

Isolated Medial Orbital Wall Fractures With Medial Rectus Muscle Incarceration

“…Many authors advocate covering the defect in the bone with either a synthetic implant or bone graft to prevent enophthalmos and to ensure the released orbital tissue does not get re-entrapped in the fracture. 3,9,14,21,[25][26][27][28] In contrast, Rauch 2 advocates widely opening the medial orbit and performing a limited ethmoidectomy and does not believe that implants are not necessary. He states that this procedure allows drainage and decompression of edematous tissues in the sinus and that the space created is not large enough to cause enophthalmos in isolated medial wall fractures.…”