The reliability of self-ratings as a function of the amount of verbal anchoring and of the number of categories on the scale.

Bendig, A. W.

doi:10.1037/h0057911

Cited by 80 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The most obvious and potentially significant differences between the NES question formats involve the number of response options offered by a question, the proportion of those response options that are verbally labeled, and the use of branching formats. A number of studies indicate that seven-point scales are most reliable, with reliability decreasing as the number of scale points decreases or increases (Alwin and Krosnick 1991 a;Andrews 1984;Bendig 1953;Birkett 1986;Champney and Marshall 1939;Finn 1972;Symonds 1924). Thus, Miller's (1956) claim that seven is a "magic number" in perception and cognition is strongly validated in this instance.…”

Section: Methodological Confoundsmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Attitudes

Krosnick¹

1991

American Journal of Political Science

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Section: Methodological Confoundsmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Attitudes

Krosnick¹

1991

American Journal of Political Science

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“…From such a table, he concluded that the optimal number of categories is seven. Nonetheless, his speculation was not supported empirically in Bendig's (1953) investigations. Empirical work on the validity of the scale was initiated by Matell and Jacoby (1971), with the final results showing that both reliability and validity are independent of the number of scale points.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Based on empirical results, Katter (1968) argued that providing a single-item anchor at the midpoint was not adequate and that "adding additional anchors at the extremes seems a possible solution" (p. 10). In the psychometric tradition, Bendig (1953) studied the effect on reliability of verbal anchoring. He found that the addition of a center anchor to a scale with two end categories resulted in increased reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the identification of the optimal number of relevance categories

Tang

Shaw

Vevea

1999

J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.

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In this paper, we are concerned with participants' confidence in their judgments of the relevance of bibliographic records to particular research questions. We describe an empirical investigation of the association between judges' confidence and the number of categories for a relevance rating scale. Participants rated the relevance of bibliographic records, and recorded their confidence in the relevance ratings. We hypothesize that confidence in relevance judgments is a function of the number of relevance categories that are available in the rating scale. We consider scales ranging from 2 to 11 points, and define the optimal scale as the one for which participants express a maximum level of confidence. A pilot study finds no optimal number of points (because confidence continues to improve slightly through the 11‐point scale); nevertheless, the study shows little added benefit associated with scales that have more than six points. On the basis of the findings in that study, we adjusted our experimental procedures and found, in our principal study, that the optimal scale for maximizing confidence in relevance judgments has approximately seven points. We also present exploratory results involving gender effects, and the comparison of scales that have an odd number of points (for which a neutral judgment is possible) with scales that have an even number of points.

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“…In addition, a 4-point scale was adopted here as the subjects would be forced to judge the goodness of the item without the option of choosing the middle point on the scale. Otherwise, a series of psychological studies have shown that the coefficient of reliability was independent of the number of scales (Bendig, 1953(Bendig, , 1954Brown, Wilding, & Coulter, 1991;Komorita, 1963;Matell & Jacoby, 1972;Wakita, Ueshima, & Noguchi, 2012), and a 4-poing scale is considered to be adequate.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Variant Forms Goodness Ratingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

Yan¹

2018

Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics

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The primary goal of this dissertation is to understand the variation patterns in suprasegmental processes and what factors influence the patterns. To answer the questions, we investigated the variation patterns of tone sandhi in the Shanghai and Wuxi Wu dialects of Chinese.Shanghai disyllables and trisyllables have been documented to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal extension and tonal reduction. Some items can only undergo tonal extension, some items can only undergo tonal reduction, and some can variably undergo either type of sandhi. Previous works have indicated that the syntactic structure, semantic transparency, and lexical frequency of the items all play a role in the sandhi application.Additionally, the morpheme length of trisyllabic items (1+2, 2+1) is also expected to affect their sandhi application.A variant forms' goodness rating experiment, together with a lexical frequency rating experiment and a semantic transparency rating experiment, showed that syntactic structure has a primary effect on sandhi application in general. It overrides the effect of semantic transparency, especially in modifier-noun items. The nature of the lexical frequency effect in Shanghai is related to the syntactic structure of the lexical item. Morpheme length effect is not found.Wuxi disyllables and trisyllables also have been observed to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal substitution and no sandhi. Some items can only apply tonal substitution, and some can apply either form variably. Syntactic structure and semantic transparency have been iv reported to affect Wuxi sandhi application, and morpheme length is also expected to have an effect in trisyllabic sandhi application.The three rating experiments conducted in Wuxi found that due to the lexical listedness of the opaque substitution pattern, frequency influences both modifier-noun and verb-noun positively, although modifier-noun prefers tonal substitution form more. Semantic transparency effect is only apparent for verb-noun disyllables. Moreover, morpheme length also distinguishes sandhi application between 1+2 and 2+1 modifier-noun items.In all, by using quantitative rating experiments, the present study shows that tone sandhi variation is regulated by both grammatical factors, such as syntactic structure, morpheme length, phonological opacity, and nongrammatical factors, such as lexical frequency.v

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The reliability of self-ratings as a function of the amount of verbal anchoring and of the number of categories on the scale.

Cited by 80 publications

References 2 publications

The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Attitudes

The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Attitudes

Towards the identification of the optimal number of relevance categories

The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

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