The relationship of temperature to desiccation and starvation tolerance of the Mycobacterium avium complex

Archuleta, Rebecca Joy; Mullens, Patricia; Primm, Todd P.

doi:10.1007/s00203-002-0455-x

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In water, M. avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare can survive, even under low oxygen tension (13,41). Furthermore, M. intracellulare can remain viable for a year in deionized sterile water (6). Some WBM such as the M. avium complex, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium phlei, and M. chelonae can withstand extreme temperatures and contaminate ice machine water (61).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Environmental Mycobacteria in Acanthamoeba polyphaga

Adékambi

Salah

Khlif

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

138

122

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Free-living amoebae in water are hosts to many bacterial species living in such an environment. Such an association enables bacteria to select virulence factors and survive in adverse conditions. Waterborne mycobacteria (WBM) are important sources of community-and hospital-acquired outbreaks of nontuberculosis mycobacterial infections. However, the interactions between WBM and free-living amoebae in water have been demonstrated for only few Mycobacterium spp. We investigated the ability of a number (n ‫؍‬ 26) of Mycobacterium spp. to survive in the trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. All the species tested entered the trophozoites of A. polyphaga and survived at this location over a period of 5 days. Moreover, all Mycobacterium spp. survived inside cysts for a period of 15 days. Intracellular Mycobacterium spp. within amoeba cysts survived when exposed to free chlorine (15 mg/liter) for 24 h. These data document the interactions between free-living amoebae and the majority of waterborne Mycobacterium spp. Further studies are required to examine the effects of various germicidal agents on the survival of WBM in an aquatic environment.Mycobacteria are a large group of microorganisms that inhabit a diverse range of natural environments. Environmental mycobacteria are a frequent cause of opportunistic infection in human beings and livestock (23,56,76). There is growing recognition in recent years that water is an important vehicle of transmission of environmental mycobacteria. This is based on the fact that in the recent past contaminated water supply systems have been responsible for several hospital and community outbreaks of mycobacterial infections (16,77,78,79,82,83). These included infections as diverse as life-threatening pneumonia in patients with artificial ventilation, cystic fibrosis (54), and chronic granulomatous disease (79); outbreaks of skin infection following liposuction (51); furunculosis after domestic footbaths (77, 83); mastitis after body piercing (73); and abscess formation in intravenous drug users (26). In one instance (79, 82), workers exposed to contaminated industrial effluents developed pneumonia due to an environmental mycobacterium.In hospital therapy pools, waterborne mycobacteria (WBM) may represent about 33% of the microorganisms present in water and about 80% of those in air in the vicinity of such a contaminated water source (5). WBM include both rapidly and slowly growing Mycobacterium spp., depending on whether they require a week or less for the production of visible colonies in solid medium. Examples of WBM include among other species the Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium tusciae, and Mycobacterium lentiflavum, which have been found in natural fresh waters (72,76) . Mycobacterium mucogenicum, Mycobacterium kansasii, M. gordonae, Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium peregrinum, andMycobacterium chelonae have been ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Environmental Mycobacteria in Acanthamoeba polyphaga

Adékambi

Salah

Khlif

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

138

122

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“…M. intracellulare persisted with only one log loss of viability after 1.4 years in deionized sterile water (6). Furthermore, tolerance of temperature extremes (102) results in contamination of hot tap water, spas, and ice machines by environmental mycobacteria, with M. avium complex, M. xenopi, M. phlei, and M. chelonae being the most thermoresistant species.…”

Section: Environmental Reservoirs Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Impacts of Environmental Mycobacteria

2004

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SUMMARY Environmental mycobacteria are emerging pathogens causing opportunistic infections in humans and animals. The health impacts of human-mycobacterial interactions are complex and likely much broader than currently recognized. Environmental mycobacteria preferentially survive chlorination in municipal water, using it as a vector to infect humans. Widespread chlorination of water has likely selected more resistant environmental mycobacteria species and potentially explains the shift from M. scrofulaceum to M. avium as a cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children. Thus, human activities have affected mycobacterial ecology. While the slow growth and hydrophobicity of environmental mycobacteria appear to be disadvantages, the unique cell wall architecture also grants high biocide and antibiotic resistance, while hydrophobicity facilitates nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and spread by aerosolization. The remarkable stress tolerance of environmental mycobacteria is the major reason they are human pathogens. Environmental mycobacteria invade protozoans, exhibiting parasitic and symbiotic relationships. The molecular mechanisms of mycobacterial intracellular pathogenesis in animals likely evolved from similar mechanisms facilitating survival in protozoans. In addition to outright infection, environmental mycobacteria may also play a role in chronic bowl diseases, allergies, immunity to other pulmonary infections, and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination.

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“…The natural mortality rate of BCG μ 1 was estimated from experimental data given in the study of Archuleta et al (2002). Figure 2a shows the mortality rate of the Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) strain, similar to M. bovis (both are slow growing).…”

Section: Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Model of BCG Immunotherapy in Superficial Bladder Cancer

Bunimovich‐Mendrazitsky

2007

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Immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) used for anti tuberculosis immunization-is a clinically established procedure for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. However, the mode of action has not yet been fully elucidated, despite much extensive biological experience. The purpose of this paper is to develop a first mathematical model that describes tumor-immune interactions in the bladder as a result of BCG therapy. A mathematical analysis of the ODE model identifies multiple equilibrium points, their stability properties, and bifurcation points. Intriguing regimes of bistability are identified in which treatment has potential to result in a tumor-free equilibrium or a full-blown tumor depending only on initial conditions. Attention is given to estimating parameters and validating the model using published data taken from in vitro, mouse and human studies. The model makes clear that intensity of immunotherapy must be kept in limited bounds. While small treatment levels may fail to clear the tumor, a treatment that is too large can lead to an over-stimulated immune system having dangerous side effects for the patient.

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The relationship of temperature to desiccation and starvation tolerance of the Mycobacterium avium complex

Cited by 45 publications

References 30 publications

Survival of Environmental Mycobacteria in Acanthamoeba polyphaga

Survival of Environmental Mycobacteria in Acanthamoeba polyphaga

Health Impacts of Environmental Mycobacteria

Mathematical Model of BCG Immunotherapy in Superficial Bladder Cancer

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