The relationship of maternal erythrocyte oxygen transport parameters to intrauterine growth retardation

Maternal erythrocyte ENT1–mediated AMPK activation counteracts placental hypoxia and supports fetal growth

“…Genetic ablation of maternal eENT1 reduces 2,3-BPG levels and O 2 delivery capacity in erythrocytes of E1FE dams carrying FGR fetuses. Early human studies showed that 2,3-BPG is reduced in maternal erythrocytes in pregnant women carrying FGR fetuses compared with the pregnant women carrying AGA fetuses, and its reduction is correlated with reduction in O2 tension at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated (p50) (7). However, the molecular basis and functional role of reduced 2,3-BPG and p50 from maternal erythrocytes in FGR remains undetermined.…”

“…in pregnant women carrying babies with FGR compared with those delivering babies sized appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (7,8). However, the molecular basis underlying reduction of maternal erythrocyte 2,3-BPG in FGR patients remains unknown, and the functional role of reduced maternal erythrocyte 2,3-BPG in placental development and FGR is unclear.…”

Prenatal cocaine exposure effects on arousal-modulated attention during the neonatal period

“…This particular sequence of testing order is practical, produces little, if any, subject loss (< l%), allows administration of all conditions around one feeding, is not overly stressful or tiring even for neonates, and allows testing using comparable conditions at 1 month in a single laboratory visit (with only locale, hospital vs. laboratory, differing). Table 1 lists the demographic information for the 180 infants broken down by cocaine exposure and prenatal care for birth weight (BW), estimated gestational age (EGA; according to Ballard, Novak, & Driver, 1979), head circumference (HC), heelto-crown body length (length), relative intrauterine growth (RIUG; defined by the normalized deviation of observed BW from expected BW for a given EGA using norms from Lubchenco, Hansman, & Boyd, 1966; also see Brown et al, 1990), 1-and 5-min Apgar scores, postconceptional age at newborn (PCA-NB) and at 1 month (PCA-Imo) tests, ethnic distribution, and gender. Replicating other studies (e.g., Singer, Arendt, Song, Warshawsky, & Kliegman, 1994), cocaine usage in our sample significantly covaried with the incidence of infants with inadequate prenatal care as well as minority status (Black and Hispanic populations combined) (Yates corrected chi-square = 20.97, p < .0001 for prenatal care; Yates corrected chi-square = 81.02, p < .0001 for minority status).…”

Computing the Z Score and Centiles for Cross‐sectional Analysis: A Practical Approach

“…Before 1990, the concept of the Z score was relatively new to investigators in obstetrics and gynecology as well as the subspecialties of reproductive medicine, gynecologic oncology, and maternal‐fetal medicine . Given the multiple applications of the Z score in obstetrics and gynecology, it is important for the clinician to understand the principles underlying its computation and application in the research and clinical milieu when the independent variable changes over time (eg, gestational age).…”