The Relationship of IL-8 and IL-10 Myokines and Performance in Male Marathon Runners Presenting Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Abstract

At present, it is unclear which exercise-induced factors, such as myokines, could diminish the negative impact of the reduction in pulmonary function imposed by the exercise in question. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and also to investigate the effect of myokines in the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB or not. Thirty-eight male recreational marathon runners (age 38.8 [33–44], height 175.7 [172.0–180.3]; weight 74.7 [69.3–81.6]) participated in this study, and through spirometry tests, a prevalence of 23.6% of EIB was found, which is in agreement with the literature. The volunteers who tested positive to EIB (EIB+) presented lower maximum aerobic capacity compared to those who tested negative (EIB−) (EIB+ 44.02 [39.56–47.02] and EIB− 47.62 [44.11–51.18] p = 0.03). The comparison of plasma levels of IL-1β (EIB+ p = 0.296, EIB− p = 0.176, EIB+ vs. EIB− baseline p = 0.190 immediately after p = 0.106), IL-4 (undetectable), IL-6 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB− p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB− baseline p = 0.301 immediately after p = 0.614), IL-8 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB− p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB− baseline p = 0.110 immediately after p = 0.453), IL-10 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB− p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB− baseline p = 0.424 immediately after p = 0.876) and TNF-α (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB− p ≤ 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB− baseline p = 0.141 immediately after p = 0.898) were similar in both groups 24 h before and immediately after the marathon. However, negative correlations were found between the marathon finishing time and the levels of IL-8 (r = −0.81, p = 0.022), and IL-10 (r = −0.97, p ≤ 0.001) immediately after completing the marathon. In conclusion, for the first time, it is shown that the myokines IL-8 and IL-10 are related to improvement of the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB.

In Nasal Mucosal Secretions, Distinct IFN and IgA Responses Are Found in Severe and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…At this point, we would like to highlight that a significant positive correlation was verified in the mild A COVID-19 subgroup, which corroborates this effective modulation of mucosal inflammation. Take in account this idea, it would be expected that severe COVID-19 group showed imbalance between higher IL-6 levels and/or lower IL-10 levels, showing an impairment control of inflammation, which was associated with increased upper airway symptoms, as observed in our previous studies (11,(41)(42)(43). Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that in the cytokine storm, a situation observed in severe COVID-19, the systemic levels of IL-6 and IL-10 are increased in the same way (7,44).…”

Changes in Cytokines Concentration Following Long-Distance Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Experienced runners, athletes, trained and well-trained were evaluated in 22 studies (Niess et al, 1999 ; Fehrenbach et al, 2000 ; Ostrowski et al, 2000 ; Suzuki et al, 2000 , 2003 ; Toft et al, 2000 ; Bonsignore et al, 2002 ; Zaccaria et al, 2002 ; Nieman et al, 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ; Cox et al, 2010 ; Abbasi et al, 2013 ; Chiu et al, 2013 ; Roupas et al, 2013 ; Santos et al, 2013b ; Shanely et al, 2014 ; Bachi et al, 2015 ; Sansoni et al, 2017 ; Passos et al, 2019 ; Gaggini et al, 2021 ). Amateur, recreational runners were present in 13 studies (Drenth et al, 1995 ; Castell et al, 1996 ; Starkie et al, 2001 ; Bonsignore et al, 2002 ; Kim et al, 2007 ; Díaz-Castro et al, 2012 ; Vaisberg et al, 2012 , 2013 ; Reihmane et al, 2013 ; Vuolteenaho et al, 2014 ; Luna Junior et al, 2016 ; dos Santos et al, 2020 ; Sliwicka et al, 2021 ). Other characteristics such as experience ranging from 1 to 16 years, finalists, and time in a marathon running of <5 h were adopted in three studies respectively (Uchakin et al, 2003 ; Pugh et al, 2019 ; Wołyniec et al, 2020 ).…”

“…In the half-marathon, the mean times varied between 1:30 and 2:12 h (Zaccaria et al, 2002 ; Ng et al, 2008 ; Cox et al, 2010 ; Abbasi et al, 2013 ; Reihmane et al, 2013 ; Niemelä et al, 2016 ; Costello et al, 2020 ; Gaggini et al, 2021 ). In marathons the mean times varied between 2:52 and 4:41 h (Castell et al, 1996 ; Toft et al, 2000 ; Pistilli et al, 2002 ; Henson et al, 2004 ; Howatson et al, 2010 ; Scherr et al, 2011 , 2012 ; Nickel et al, 2012 ; Bernecker et al, 2013 ; Reihmane et al, 2013 ; Santos et al, 2013a , b ; Vaisberg et al, 2013 ; Shanely et al, 2014 ; Vuolteenaho et al, 2014 ; Wilhelm et al, 2014 ; Niemelä et al, 2016 ; Clifford et al, 2017 ; Passos et al, 2019 ; Pugh et al, 2019 ; Sierra et al, 2019a ; Batatinha et al, 2020 ; dos Santos et al, 2020 ; Larsen et al, 2020 ; Sliwicka et al, 2021 ; Tavares-Silva et al, 2021 ). In ultra-marathons, the mean times ranged between 6:00 and 62:20 h (Drenth et al, 1995 ; Peters et al, 2001 ; Nieman et al, 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ; Zaccaria et al, 2002 ; Mastaloudis et al, 2004 ; Kim et al, 2007 ; Donnikov et al, 2009 ; Chiu et al, 2013 ; Shin and Lee, 2013 ; Gill et al, 2015a ; Czajkowska et al, 2020 ; Wołyniec et al, 2020 ; Benedetti et al, 2021 ; Skinner et al, 2021 ), with distances of 51–308 km.…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism

“…Among the measured parameters, IL-6 and IL-10 showed markedly increased levels in blood. It was indicated in another report that IL-6 and IL-10 levels in blood are increased immediately after a marathon [ 41 ]. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-10 is reportedly increased when C2C12 cells are stimulated with calcium ionophores, such as A23187 and IBS008738, which regulate the expression of the transcription factor myoblast determination protein 1 during myoblast differentiation [ 42 ].…”