The Relationship Between Perceived Racism/Discrimination and Health Among Black American Women: a Review of the Literature from 2003 to 2013

Black, Lora L.; Johnson, Rhonda L.; VanHoose, Lisa

doi:10.1007/s40615-014-0043-1

Cited by 108 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Between 1995 and 2006, the absolute prevalence of weight discrimination increased from 7 to 12 % in the USA, representing a 66 % increase in prevalence and exceeding the proportion that could be attributed to concomitant increases in obesity [9]. Despite the lay belief that weight stigma motivates positive behavioral change [10], most evidence demonstrates that weight shaming promotes poorer dietary and exercise practices and health care avoidance [11, 12], akin to how experienced racism correlates with negative health outcomes like cancer risk [13, 14]. As such, weight discrimination may contribute to obesity [3, 15] by discouraging individuals from seeking treatment, reducing engagement with social support, or promoting disordered eating patterns, less healthful food choices, and emotional dysregulation [12, 16–21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load Among US Adults

Vadiveloo

Mattei

2016

ann. behav. med.

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Background Discrimination promotes multisystem physiological dysregulation termed allostatic load, which predicts morbidity and mortality. It remains unclear whether weight-related discrimination influences allostatic load. Purpose The aim of this study was to prospectively examine 10-year associations between weight discrimination, allostatic load, and its components among adults 25–75 years in the Midlife Development in the US Biomarker Substudy. Methods Participants with information on weight discrimination were analyzed (n=986). At both timepoints, participants self-reported the frequency of perceived weight discrimination across nine scenarios as “never/rarely” (scored as 0), “sometimes” (1), or “often” (2). The two scores were averaged and then dichotomized as “experienced” versus “not experienced” discrimination. High allostatic load was defined as having ≥3 out of 7 dysregulated systems (cardiovascular, sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous systems, hypothalamic pituitary axis, inflammatory, lipid/metabolic, and glucose metabolism), which collectively included 24 biomarkers. Relative risks (RR) were estimated from multivariate models adjusted for sociodemographic and health characteristics, other forms of discrimination, and BMI. Results Over 41% of the sample had obesity, and 6% reported weight discrimination at follow-up. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, individuals who experienced (versus did not experience) weight discrimination had twice the risk of high allostatic load (RR, 2.07; 95 % CI, 1.21; 3.55 for baseline discrimination; 2.16, 95 % CI, 1.39; 3.36 for long-term discrimination). Weight discrimination was associated with lipid/ metabolic dysregulation (1.56; 95 % CI 1.02, 2.40), glucose metabolism (1.99; 95 % CI 1.34, 2.95), and inflammation (1.76; 95 % CI 1.22, 2.54), but no other systems. Conclusions Perceived weight discrimination doubles the 10-year risk of high allostatic load. Eliminating weight stigma may reduce physiological dysregulation, improving obesity-related morbidity and mortality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load Among US Adults

Vadiveloo

Mattei

2016

ann. behav. med.

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“…However, one study documented that self‐reported discrimination was associated with more severe coronary artery obstruction among veterans undergoing cardiac catherization, for blacks but not whites . A review of discrimination and physical health among black women found few significant associations for indicators of CVD, highlighting the need to better understand the conditions under which the stress of discrimination has adverse health effects …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…38 A review of discrimination and physical health among black women found few significant associations for indicators of CVD, highlighting the need to better understand the conditions under which the stress of discrimination has adverse health effects. 39 A 2017 review of 10 longitudinal studies found evidence of a consistent association between self-reported discrimination and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and incidence of obesity. 40 The associations between experiences of discrimination and adiposity were predominantly linear, and racial discrimination was also significantly associated with changes in BMI and waist circumference among women, but not men.…”

Section: Discrimination and Physical Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding how discrimination can affect health

Williams

Lawrence

Davis

et al. 2019

Health Services Research

485

398

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Background To provide an overview of the empirical research linking self‐reports of racial discrimination to health status and health service utilization. Methods A review of literature reviews and meta‐analyses published from January 2013 to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science. Articles were considered for inclusion using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Results Twenty‐nine studies met the criteria for review. Both domestic and international studies find that experiences of discrimination reported by adults are adversely related to mental health and indicators of physical health, including preclinical indicators of disease, health behaviors, utilization of care, and adherence to medical regimens. Emerging evidence also suggests that discrimination can affect the health of children and adolescents and that at least some of its adverse effects may be ameliorated by the presence of psychosocial resources. Conclusions Increasing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is an emerging risk factor for disease and a contributor to racial disparities in health. Attention is needed to strengthen research gaps and to advance our understanding of the optimal interventions that can reduce the negative effects of discrimination.

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“…9,11 A systematic review of literature on perceived discrimination and health among Black women also found consistent evidence of an association between discrimination and adverse birth outcomes with several studies observing a doseresponse relationship. 10 Several pathways have been proposed linking discrimination to adverse birth outcomes. Racial and ethnic minority women have a higher lifetime exposure to chronic stress, which is a known risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twitter-derived measures of sentiment towards minorities (2015–2016) and associations with low birth weight and preterm birth in the United States

Nguyen

Meng

Sandeep

et al. 2018

Computers in Human Behavior

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Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between state-level publicly expressed sentiment towards racial and ethnic minorities and birth outcomes for mothers who gave birth in that state. Methods: We utilized Twitter’s Streaming Application Programming Interface (API) to collect 1,249,653 tweets containing at least one relevant keyword pertaining to a racial or ethnic minority group. State-level derived sentiment towards racial and ethnic minorities were merged with data on all 2015 U.S. births (N=3.99 million singleton births). Results: Mothers living in states in the lowest tertile of positive sentiment towards racial/ethnic minorities had greater prevalences of low birth weight (+6%), very low birth weight (+9%), and preterm birth (+10%) compared to mothers living in states in the highest tertile of positive sentiment, controlling for individual-level maternal characteristics and state demographic characteristics. Sentiment towards specific racial/ethnic groups showed a similar pattern. Mothers living in states in the lowest tertile of positive sentiment towards blacks had an 8% greater prevalence of low birth weight and very low birth weight, and a 16% greater prevalence of preterm birth, compared to mothers living in states in the highest tertile. Lower state-level positive sentiment towards Middle Eastern groups was also associated with a 4–13% greater prevalence of adverse birth outcomes. Results from subgroup analyses restricted to racial/ethnic minority mothers did not differ substantially from those seen for the full population of mothers. Conclusions: More negative area-level sentiment towards blacks and Middle Eastern groups was related to worse individual birth outcomes, and this is true for the full population and minorities.

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The Relationship Between Perceived Racism/Discrimination and Health Among Black American Women: a Review of the Literature from 2003 to 2013

Cited by 108 publications

References 61 publications

Perceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load Among US Adults

Perceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load Among US Adults

Understanding how discrimination can affect health

Twitter-derived measures of sentiment towards minorities (2015–2016) and associations with low birth weight and preterm birth in the United States

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