The relationship between anxiety, depression and illness perception in tberculosis patients in Pakistan

Abstract

ObjectiveAs the rates of TB world over have increased during the past 10 years, there has been a growing awareness of depression and its role in the outcome of chronic disorders. Though depression is common in patients with TB no study as yet has examined the prevalence of depression in this group in Pakistan. We aimed to determine the presence of depression, anxiety and illness perceptions in patients suffering from Tuberculosis (TB) in Pakistan.Methods108 consecutive outpatients with tuberculosis completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) and the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ).ResultsOut of 108 patients, 50 (46.3%) were depressed and 51 (47.2%) had anxiety. Raised depression and anxiety scores were associated with an increase in the number of symptoms reported (HADS Depression: r = 0.346, p = < 0.001), more serious perceived consequences (HADS Depression: r = 0.279, p = 0.004, HADS Anxiety: r = 0.234, p = 0.017) and less control over their illness (HADS Depression: r = 0.239, p = 0.014, HADS Anxiety: r = 0.271, p = 0.005).ConclusionWe found that about a half of patients in our sample met the criteria for probable depression and anxiety based on HADS score. Negative illness perceptions were clearly related to reports of mood symptoms. As depression and lack of perceived control over illness in those suffering from tuberculosis are reported to be independent predictors of poor adherence further studies to investigate their relationship with medication adherence are required.

The Prevalence and Pattern of Depression in Patients with Tuberculosis on Follow up at Jimma University Specialized Hospital and Jimma Health Center

“…From the total female population, depression cases were 25% which was higher than 15.87% in male where it was comparable to literatures [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Depression was higher in widowed being 36.36% which was comparable with other data [10].…”

Health Status and Quality of Life in Tuberculosis: Systematic Review of Study Design, Instruments, Measuring Properties and Outcomes

“…The data was based on comparative studies of TB population from China , two from Malaysia [18,23], five from India [14,15,29,[35][36][37][38], four from Canada [5,24,25,30] one form each UK [17] Pakistan [35], Spain [36] Taiwan [28] South Africa [37] and Turkey [39]. Among the selected articles fourteen studies were cross sectional [5,14,26,27,30,33,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and sixteen were prospective cohort based studies [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]29,31,32,41]. An article published by Chamla et al …”

Psychological morbidity and illness perception among patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis in a tertiary care centre in Sri Lanka

“…But among TB patients, prevalence of anxiety was lower than internally displaced Jaffna population (32.6%) and depression was lower than patients with MI [5,8]. A study done in Pakistan using similar scales had shown that 46% depression and 47% anxiety among patients with TB [6]. Our study exclude doubtful cases in HADS-A (22.6%) and HADS-D (21.9%) scales which suggests the true prevalence of depression and anxiety among TB patients may be higher.…”

“…Also, prevalence of depression was 22.2% and anxiety was 32.6% among internally displaced persons in post-war Jaffna District [5]. Studies have shown an association between TB and common mental disorders (46.3%-80%) [6]. The selfregulation model suggests that the illness beliefs of individuals guide their coping strategies.…”