The rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials towards next-generation energy storage: A review

Homogenous metallic deposition regulated by defect-rich skeletons for sodium metal batteries

“…The ''anode-less'' sodium metal batteries exhibited here represent an initial proof-of-concept towards circumventing the safety hazards while exhibiting high energy densities, demonstrating their potentials for flexible or structural energy storage systems in electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale electrical grids. 74 In addition to the excellent performance metrics, the sustainability View Article Online of material synthesis and battery manufacturing should also be considered from the entire technological scale, 75 where our approach utilises renewable and abundant resources, ecofriendly aqueous spinning method, relatively low carbonisation temperature (only 700 1C) and low-cost electrolytes. In conclusion, this work provides new insights into the fundamental understanding of defect-induced metallic deposition mechanism in sustainable carbon skeletons for high-performance sodium metal anodes, which are of great importance to assist with the rational design of cost-effective carbon protection layers for sodium metal batteries in the future.…”

The development of biomass-derived carbon-based photocatalysts for the visible-light-driven photodegradation of pollutants: a comprehensive review

“…Pyrolysis is a traditional fabrication method used with biomass, in which biomass is directly heated in the temperature range of 300 to 1200 C in the absence of oxygen. 64,65 The energy requirements for the pyrolysis of several agricultural-derived forms of biomass are reported to be in the range of 207 to 434 kJ kg À1 . 66 Since the entire process occurs in the absence of oxygen, there is no direct combustion of the precursors; instead, the main components of biomass, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, will be thermally decomposed into gases and carbon materials (biochar).…”

“…69,70 On the contrary, the slow pyrolysis process is a batch process, carried out with a much longer residence time (>60 min) and at lower heating rates (in the range of 5-7 C min À1 ). 65 This process can provide maximum yields of carbon-based materials. In particular, moisture can obviously inuence the biochar properties during slow pyrolysis.…”

Effect of baffle structure on the dynamic transportation behavior of s‐liked biomass fuels in a rotating drum

“…As the most common biomass materials, plants, wood, and waste are familiar to people and widely used in a broad range of industries. [1][2][3][4][5] Biomass materials like wood and plants are supposed to be converted into suitable forms of energy through direct combustion, which can be grown energy crops, forest residues, food processing, horticulture, or human waste from sewage plants. Meanwhile, fuel and electricity are the most useful energy forms.…”

“…Meanwhile, s-liked and CO 2 expanded biomass particles were taken as standard and tracer materials. RTD and scattering and fallout angles are measured and studied under the conditions of different baffle heights (64-184 mm), numbers (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), installation slopes (70°-110°), rectangular bend heights (24.8-62.5 mm), and bend slopes (90°-150°). The Taylor model can appropriately estimate the mean residence time (MRT) of particles in a rotating drum with variety of baffle structures, such as baffle height, number, and bend slope.…”